Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Obligatory (Fard)Cover your thigh, for the thigh is part of the Awrah.
Required (Wajib)The obligation of covering the head has been established by the saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him): 'Allah does not accept the prayer of a menstruating woman except with a head covering (khimar).'
Required (Wajib)This indicates the obligation of covering the feet.
+ 173 more rulings
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to remove one's hair (especially for a new convert).
Permissible (Mubah)If the person entering (the bathhouse) is a man who is safe from looking at private parts and from people looking at his private parts, then there is no harm in his entering it.
Discouraged (Makruh)If he fears that he will not be safe from that (i.e., looking at private parts or his private parts being looked at), then it is disliked for him to do so.
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)He [the husband] does not have the right to nullify it [his wife's Ihram for voluntary Hajj]; because Hajj becomes binding upon commencing it, so the husband does not have the right to nullify it, similar to a vowed Hajj.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is possible that he [the husband] has the right to nullify it.
Required (Wajib)If it (intercourse with the pledged female slave) was without permission, then the dowry is obligatory, whether he forced her or she consented.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)[According to Abu Hanifa:] His money should not be given to him before the age of twenty-five years.
Required (Wajib)And if keeping the orphan's money separate is more beneficial for him, then one must keep it separate.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for the guardian to leave the child in the school (maktab) without the permission of the judge.
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one of the heirs admits to the debt, they are obligated to pay a portion of the debt equal to their inheritance share, and they have the choice to hand over their share towards the debt or to settle it themselves.
Forbidden (Haram)If they withhold zakat as they withheld it from Abu Bakr, and they fight over it, they will not be inherited from.
Required (Wajib)He (the heir who made the admission) is obligated to give the excess that is in his hand to the one he admitted to.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman to give a gift until her husband permits it.
Permissible (Mubah)The fresh dates, you may eat them and give them as gifts.
Forbidden (Haram)The second narration states it is not permissible for a woman to spend anything from her home except with her husband's permission, based on what Abu Umamah Al-Bahili narrated, that he heard the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, say: 'A woman shall not spend anything from her house except with her husband's permission.' It was asked: 'O Messenger of Allah, not even food?' He replied: 'That is the best of our wealth.'
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they are twins, their lineage is established, and the denial of either or both of them is not heeded, whether they both denied each other or one denied the other.
Required (Wajib)If an heir acknowledges the lineage of one of the twins, the lineage of the other is also established, because they are inseparable in lineage.
If a man leaves behind a wife and a son from another woman, and the son acknowledges a brother for himself, his lineage is not established because not all heirs acknowledged him.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a legally incapacitated person divorces his wife, his divorce is effective, according to the opinion of most scholars.
Forbidden (Haram)If a woman claims her husband divorced her three times, and he reconciles with her for money so she withdraws her claim, it is not permissible. This is because it is not permissible for her to offer herself to her divorcee, whether with or without compensation.
Forbidden (Haram)If she pays him money to admit to divorcing her, it is not permissible, according to one of the two views.
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And he is not liable for a prescribed punishment (hadd).
Required (Wajib)If he knew it was forbidden, then his child is a slave.
Required (Wajib)And he is liable for her value on the day of birth.
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if he (the seller) is untruthful, then she is his property, and her entire estate belongs to him, so he takes from it the amount he claims, and the remainder is held in trust.
Forbidden (Haram)And she is not to be returned to the master, due to their agreement on her impermissibility for him.
Required (Wajib)According to me, she remains in the husband's possession, due to their agreement on her permissibility for him and his right to keep her, while they only differed on the reason.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And he (the brother with no child) is not obligated to provide maintenance for him (his brother).
Required (Wajib)The minimum clothing sufficient for him consists of a shirt, trousers, something he wears on his head, either a turban or a cap or other items customary for him, and shoes for his feet if he customarily wears them.
Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of maintenance and clothing is the minimum that is customarily spent on someone like them.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a non-Muslim father] should not travel with her [his Muslim daughter].
Forbidden (Haram)A man must not be alone with a woman unless she is accompanied by a mahram.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)He (the husband) does not have the right to compel her (the wife) to foster their child.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a man to hire out his slave woman, his mudabbara, his umm walad, one whose emancipation is conditional, and one permitted to engage in trade, for wet nursing.
Forbidden (Haram)None of these slave women (his slave woman, mudabbara, umm walad, etc.) are permitted to hire themselves out.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)And separate them (children) in beds.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon the guardian of a child to teach him purification and prayer when he reaches seven years of age and to command him with them, and it is obligatory upon him to discipline him for them when he reaches ten years of age.
Permissible (Mubah)Indeed, he (the father) has the right to prevent him (the son) from participating in military expeditions (Ghazw).
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he bequeathed it to an unspecified entity, such as the poor, it is not permissible for the executor to permit management [of the partnership share].
Permissible (Mubah)If the deceased had bequeathed the partnership money, or part of it, to a specific person, then the legatee is like the heir in what we have mentioned.
Permissible (Mubah)A bequest to an heir is valid, according to the soundest of two narrations, and is contingent upon the approval of the other heirs.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for what passed of the month before his puberty, no make-up is required of him, whether he fasted it or broke it. This is the saying of the general body of scholars.
If a child who intended to fast from night reaches puberty during the day, he completes his fast, and no make-up is required of him for that day.
Required (Wajib)A voluntary fast becomes binding upon starting it, and one cannot break it except with a valid excuse. If one breaks it, he must make it up.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one vowed i'tikaf for consecutive days with fasting and then broke their fast for one day, they have corrupted its continuity, and it becomes obligatory to restart the i'tikaf, due to their failure to fulfill what they vowed according to its description.
Permissible (Mubah)The well-known position in the madhhab is that I'tikaf is valid without fasting.
Required (Wajib)If one performs I'tikaf, fasting becomes obligatory upon him.
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Rinsing the mouth does not break the fast, without any dispute, whether it is for purification or otherwise.
Permissible (Mubah)If one rinses their mouth or nose during purification, and water unintentionally reaches their throat without excess, there is no consequence upon them (i.e., their fast is not broken).
Discouraged (Makruh)And exaggerate in sniffing water, unless you are fasting.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Ability (to provide the Hady) is considered at its location. So, whenever one cannot find it in its location, it is permissible for him to transfer to fasting, even if he was able to find it in his home country.
Required (Wajib)If the pilgrim performing Tamattu' does not find a sacrificial animal (Hady), he transfers to fasting three days during Hajj and seven days when he returns, making a complete ten.
Required (Wajib)And he must feed a poor person for each day (he misses fasting).
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not allowed to fast on the two Eid days, nor on the days of Tashreeq, neither as an obligatory fast nor as a voluntary one.
Preferred (Mustahabb)We preferred for him (the pilgrim) to break his fast on that day, so he could gain strength for supplication.
Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion is that it is valid to fast them for an obligation, based on what was narrated from Ibn Amr and Aisha, who said: 'No concession was given for fasting during the Days of Tashreeq except for one who could not find a sacrificial animal (i.e., the pilgrim performing Tamattu' Hajj who lacks a Hady).' This is a sahih hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari, and every obligatory fast can be analogized to it.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to make up fasts during it (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah).
Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Required (Wajib)And as for vows, fasting should be done on his behalf.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It was also narrated from him (Ahmad) that it is not disliked to use a wet siwak stick (while fasting).
Discouraged (Makruh)Repeated looking (gazing) is disliked for someone whose lust is aroused by it, but not disliked for someone whose lust is not aroused by it, similar to kissing.
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said: There is no harm in using siwak for a fasting person.
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)A compulsory fast is not valid unless one intends it at any time during the night.
Required (Wajib)Ibn Hamid said: That (intending it to be obligatory) is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is sufficient according to the other narration.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Required (Wajib)If someone scares away a game animal from the Haram, and it is harmed while fleeing, they are liable for it because they caused its destruction, similar to if it was destroyed by their trap or net.
Permissible (Mubah)Similarly, if he sets up sickles for hunting and mentions God's name, and it kills game, it is permissible for him to eat it, and it is as if it was slaughtered.
Forbidden (Haram)There is no disagreement regarding the prohibition of game for a pilgrim if they hunt it or slaughter it (while in ihram).
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)But if it is in a small container, I do not like it.
Discouraged (Makruh)That is disliked (makruh), because its origin relates to wine. (Referring to hiring oneself out to tend a Christian's vineyard).
Permissible (Mubah)If it is intoxicants (khamr), its spilling is permissible.
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no penalty upon the person in Ihram (if he laughs or looks at game and someone else hunts it); based on the evidence from the hadith of Abu Qatadah.
Forbidden (Haram)If one lends a weapon to a hunter and the hunter kills game with it, it is as if the lender pointed it out, regardless of whether the borrowed item was essential for the kill or if the lender provided something the hunter was already self-sufficient from, like lending a spear when the hunter already has one.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, if he assisted him in hunting by handing him his whip or spear, or commanded him to hunt it.
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in performing Umrah multiple times in a year.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Because it is recommended for the three (days of fasting) in Mut'ah (Hajj) that their last day be the day of Arafah.
Permissible (Mubah)And this (fasting for Dam al-Fawat) may be done before one exits Ihram or after it.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And no sacrifice is due from him.
Forbidden (Haram)One should not ride it except in necessity.
Required (Wajib)And a sacrificial animal (hady) is due upon him, which he slaughters when he reaches Mecca, for spoiling his Umrah.
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)If one has something in his hand with which he can touch the Stone, he should touch it and kiss it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When one finishes the two rak'ahs (of Tawaf prayer) and intends to proceed to Safa, it is recommended to return and touch the Black Stone.
Preferred (Mustahabb)(For farewell), you circumambulate the House seven times, pray two rak'ahs behind the Maqam (Station of Ibrahim), then come to Zamzam and drink its water, then come to the Multazam (between the Black Stone and the Door), cling to it, then supplicate, then ask for your need, then touch the Black Stone, and then depart.
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he is prevented from continuing (ihsar), or loses his way, or his expenses are lost, then it is his responsibility, and he must still perform Hajj.
Permissible (Mubah)If a man appointed him for Hajj and another for Umrah, and they both permitted him to combine them (Qiran), and he did so, it is permissible; because it is a prescribed ritual.
Required (Wajib)And he must return half of the expenses to each of them; because he made the journey on their behalf without their permission.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: Whoever matted, tied, or braided their hair (during ihram), must shave it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And shaving the head is superior (more virtuous) than trimming it.
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: It is not permissible. (Referring to the scenario where a father acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to her, then divorces her, then remarries her, and dies during his illness, his acknowledgment to her is not accepted.
Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the agent bears liability (in the case where the payer delivered to him without confirming agency), he cannot seek recourse against the payer.
Permissible (Mubah)The guarantee (for a limb) is valid.
Required (Wajib)Then he must pay one thousand and merely return the slave.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)As for a child, an insane person, one suffering from brain fever, a sleeper, and an unconscious person, their confessions are not valid.
The acknowledgement of a sick person to an heir is valid.
If someone acknowledges something that involves a claim against another person, it is accepted concerning what is against him, but not concerning what is for him.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)And it (the interdiction) does not cease except by the ruling of a judge.
Permissible (Mubah)A category [of interdiction] is removed without a judge's ruling, and that is the interdiction of the insane person.
Required (Wajib)The judge chose that he (the interdicted person) is liable if he damages it (a deposit or loan) or it is lost due to his negligence.
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the judge permits the hirer to spend from his own money in a reasonable manner, so that it becomes a debt upon the camel driver, it is permissible.
If the judge did not set an estimate, any amount spent beyond the reasonable expenditure cannot be claimed back, as it was a voluntary act.
Required (Wajib)When the hirer reaches his destination, he must refer the matter to the judge.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And Al-Qadi said: It is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint an agent for claiming rights, establishing them, and litigating over them, whether the principal is present or absent, healthy or sick.
Permissible (Mubah)Reconciliation among Muslims is permissible.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)That he ransoms them with their like (meaning in age, traits, gender).
Permissible (Mubah)His confession to theft is accepted for the hadd punishment, so his hand is cut off.
Permissible (Mubah)If the defendant pays money to the claimant as a settlement for his claim, it is valid.
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if the one who had intercourse (under misapprehension) strikes her abdomen and she miscarries the fetus stillborn, then upon him is the `ghurrah` also.
Forbidden (Haram)Therefore, it is not permissible to exact qisas from the killer of a waqf slave.
Permissible (Mubah)It is apparent that qisas (retaliation) is not obligatory (for intentionally harming a waqf slave) because the beneficiary does not exclusively own the slave.
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
Required (Wajib)He is obligated to make up what he missed of worship during his apostasy and during his Islam before his apostasy (according to another opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy, nor during his Islam before his apostasy (according to one opinion).
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
Required (Wajib)(Umar said): 'If you pay its Sadaqah, one faraq from every ten faraq, we will protect it for you.'
Required (Wajib)(The Prophet said to Abu Sayyara after he agreed to pay Zakat on his honey): 'Then protect its mountain.' So, he (the Prophet) protected it for him.
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he was aware of the prohibition, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment of unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
Then there is no prescribed punishment (`hadd`) upon him (the usurper if ignorant or mistaken).
Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whenever the owner claims its destruction was not due to his negligence, his word is accepted without an oath, whether that was before the estimation or after it.
If he acknowledges for an absent person, it remains in his possession until the absent person appears, then he is questioned, as we ruled for the present person.
Required (Wajib)And the evidence is heard immediately.
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Agency is not valid in oaths and vows.
Forbidden (Haram)Agency is not valid in Ila' (an oath to abstain from one's wife), Qasamah (oaths taken by villagers in cases of unsolved murder), and Li'an (oaths of mutual imprecation between spouses).
Required (Wajib)If he (the slave) is freed, he is obligated to fulfill it (the vowed Hajj) after performing the Hajj of Islam.
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to extend gutters into the main road.
Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike walking on the culvert through which water flows.
Permissible (Mubah)If a person has a tree in barren land, then he has its protected area (harim) as far as its branches extend around it, and for a palm tree, it is the extent of its fronds.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)In such matters, reliance on common custom is sufficient, just as in the case of entering a public bath and the like.
Permissible (Mubah)These are human rights, so they are not nullified by ignorance or mistake, like blood money (diyah).
Required (Wajib)The implication of a command is obligation.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Do not ask the ruler for anything.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for someone else to act on behalf of the mortgagor in something that is not obligatory upon him.
Permissible (Mubah)If one acknowledges for a slave a marriage, or qisas (retaliation), or discretionary punishment for slander, the acknowledgment for him is valid, whether the master affirms it or denies it, because the right belongs to him, not to his master.
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Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Therefore, it (flattening the grave) was disliked.
Required (Wajib)If they dispute over the shroud, the opinion of the one who says: 'We shroud him from his property' is preferred.
Required (Wajib)If two people dispute over burial in a public graveyard, the one who was earlier has precedence.
+ 35 more rulings
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the authorized agent buys someone who would be freed upon the owner of the capital with his permission, it is valid, and the person is freed.
Required (Wajib)If the maintenance of the slave was stipulated upon the hirer, then it remains upon him as it was. But if it was not stipulated upon him, then it is upon his emancipator.
Required (Wajib)And his (the freed slave's) wala' (patronage) is suspended.
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Required (Wajib)He is told to either slaughter the sheep to relieve it from torment, or compensate the owner of the flask if its breakage is less harmful, and save the sheep. This is a necessity for its survival or saving it from torment, thus it is obligatory upon him, like feeding it.
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, the Law has warned against possessing it (the dog) and forbidden it, except in cases of need.
Permissible (Mubah)If one kills an animal to repel its harm, then he is not liable for it.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, your blood and your wealth are sacred, like the sanctity of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this land of yours.
Forbidden (Haram)Wasting wealth is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)And destroying it (wealth) is forbidden.
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)However, only the discerning adolescent who understands buying and selling and can distinguish benefit from harm should be tested.
Permissible (Mubah)Whenever his guardian permits him to transact, his transaction is valid.
Required (Wajib)Therefore, it is obligatory to give him (the specific beneficiary of an endowment) his share, and it is not permissible to deprive him of it.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Likewise, if he finds his water channel in another's land, or the water flow from his roof onto another's roof, or similar situations, it belongs to him.
Discouraged (Makruh)They interpret the Hadith as indicating the dislike (karahah) of prevention, not its prohibition.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person has a well with water, and another person digs a well close to it such that the water from the first well drains into it, then it is not permissible for him to do that.
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike a kohl stick head made of silver.
Forbidden (Haram)As for objects plated with gold or silver, if the plating is extensive, it is forbidden in all circumstances, whether it is gold or silver, and whether for a need or otherwise.
Permissible (Mubah)It has been narrated from Ahmad (may Allah have mercy on him) that he permitted the use of gold on a sword.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And it is narrated from Ahmad that it belongs to its finder; because he said concerning a case where someone hired a worker to dig for him in his house, and he found a treasure in the house: 'It belongs to the hired worker.'
Permissible (Mubah)This indicates that the Rikaz (buried treasure) belongs to its finder.
Permissible (Mubah)It is related from Ahmad that it belongs to the owner of the house; for he said, concerning one who hired a digger to dig in his house and found an ancient treasure in it: 'It belongs to the owner of the house.'
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So, everything of this nature that is done by way of a legal stratagem is evil and forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)that all legal stratagems are invalid.
Permissible (Mubah)All of that and its likes are permissible if not stipulated in the contract, according to Abu Hanifa and Shafi'i.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Thus, each of the two matters (dividing or endowing conquered land) was permissible, and the decision in that regard belongs to the Imam, who may do whatever he deems appropriate.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for the Imam (leader) to distribute the Khums (one-fifth) among all its rightful recipients and ensure it encompasses all of them, unlike Zakat.
Permissible (Mubah)That the Imam has a choice between distributing it among the warriors and making it an endowment for all Muslims.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for what they display publicly, it is obligatory to denounce it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to interfere with them [dhimmis] concerning what they do not display publicly.
Permissible (Mubah)If they display a cross or a lute, its breaking is permissible.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the predominant outcome of drinking or using medicines containing poisons is death or madness, then it is not permissible to drink them.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to use it [theriac] for treatment, nor to use snake venom.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If safety is the predominant outcome and benefit is hoped for from a medicine, then it is preferable to permit drinking it to avert something more dangerous, just like other medicines.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to your beast of burden or your slave. (Ahmad's instruction regarding the earnings of a cupper).
Required (Wajib)In both cases, it is obligatory to extract the amount of the forbidden, and the rest is permissible for him.
Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)Wheat and barley are measurable by volume, as explicitly stated in the Prophet's saying: 'Wheat for wheat, measure for measure; barley for barley, measure for measure.'
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to exercise ijtihad (taharri), even if the permissible [items] are many.
Required (Wajib)The measure is the measure of Madinah, and the weight is the weight of Makkah.
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for one to take another's property to save one's life, and to destroy property to preserve it (meaning what one eats).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
If both [semen from a male organ and menstruation from a female organ] appear together, he/she is not ruled to be male or female, because the two evidences contradict each other.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Required (Wajib)Congregation is obligatory for the five prayers.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Abu al-Khattab said: And four rak'ahs before Asr, due to what Ibn Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: 'May Allah have mercy on a person who prays four rak'ahs before Asr.'
Recommended (Sunnah)And in Muslim's narration: 'And after Jumu'ah, two prostrations (rak'ahs).'
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Al-Harith ibn Abi Rabi'ah prayed two rak'ahs with them in his house (when he intended to travel).
Permissible (Mubah)Ata and Sulayman ibn Musa permitted shortening the prayer in the town for one who intended to travel.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for one who intends to travel to shorten the prayer until he leaves the houses of his village and puts them behind his back.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: It is possible that the prostration of forgetfulness becomes binding on him (if he doubts the omission of a `wajib` that necessitates it).
Discouraged (Makruh)If one doubts an addition that would necessitate the prostration of forgetfulness, then no prostration of forgetfulness is required of him.
Required (Wajib)If one doubts whether he omitted a pillar of prayer while still in it—whether he failed to perform it or not—his ruling is the same as one who did not perform it, whether he is an Imam or praying alone.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)One should not pray behind a Murji'i, a Rafidhi, or a fasiq (sinner). However, if one prays behind them out of fear, then one must repeat the prayer.
Forbidden (Haram)Do not pray behind him (a Qadari).
Forbidden (Haram)As for the hermaphrodite, it is not permissible for him to lead a man in prayer.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Al-Hash (the latrine) is the place designated for defecation and urination, and prayer is prohibited in what is inside its door.
Required (Wajib)Some of our companions said: The salutation (prayer) upon the Prophet's family is obligatory in the manner mentioned in Ka'b's narration, because it was commanded, and a command necessitates obligation.
Permissible (Mubah)The second view is that it is valid because they are excused.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He should pray the current prayer with the congregation whenever it is present, and he does not need to repeat it.
Required (Wajib)He should not pray an obligatory prayer except at the end of its time until he has made up the prayers due on him.
Permissible (Mubah)It is sufficient for him to try to determine which one he forgot first, then pray it, then pray the other.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if something that would not break the prayer passes behind the sutrah, it is not disliked.
Forbidden (Haram)If there is no sutrah in front of the worshipper, and something that breaks the prayer passes close in front of him, it breaks the prayer.
Discouraged (Makruh)If there is no sutrah, and something that does not break the prayer passes close in front of him, it is disliked.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for the prayer niches of the disbelievers, it is not permissible to use them as a guide (for the qibla direction).
Permissible (Mubah)If one prays on a high mountain that extends beyond the direct alignment of the Kaaba, his prayer is valid.
Required (Wajib)If one is absent from it (the Kaaba), then one must strive to determine its correct direction.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, held that the times when prayer is forbidden are from after Fajr until the sun rises to the height of a spear, and after Asr until the sun sets, and during the sun's zenith until it declines.
Forbidden (Haram)As for making up Sunnah prayers in other prohibited times, and performing other prayers with a reason, such as the greeting of the mosque, the eclipse prayer, and the prostration of recitation, the well-known position in the madhhab is that it is not permissible.
Required (Wajib)It is narrated from Malik that if one catches the duration of five rak'ahs from the time of the second prayer (of two combined prayers), the first prayer becomes obligatory.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And they (women) should not mix with men; rather, they should be to one side of them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When a woman prays, she should gather herself and join her thighs.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Except that a woman gathers herself (i.e., keeps her limbs close to her body) in bowing (rukoo') and prostrating (sujood).
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is the same whether he washes it (the private parts) before wudu or after, because it is a washing not linked to wudu.
Required (Wajib)He washes his penis and testicles, and performs wudu (ablution).
Required (Wajib)One of the two narrations from Ahmad (regarding touching the male organ) is that it nullifies ablution.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If water falls on a person from a path, he is not obligated to inquire about its purity.
Obligatory (Fard)Purity from impurity is a condition for the validity of prayer, and there is no difference between a large or small amount of impurity.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in bat urine.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)All of the bleeding is considered menstruation, as long as its duration does not exceed the maximum length of menstruation (a view the author considers stronger).
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, if it is from her postpartum bleeding (nifas), she should abandon prayer and fasting for it.
Permissible (Mubah)If its color (of the menstrual blood stain) does not disappear, and its removal is difficult or would damage and harm the garment, then it is excused.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he performs tayammum, he may pray the prayer whose time has arrived, and he may pray missed prayers with it if he has any, and voluntary prayers until the time for another prayer enters.
Forbidden (Haram)Tayammum is not permissible before its prescribed time.
Required (Wajib)The second condition for tayammum is the seeking of water.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one urinates (in a modern bathing place) and then pours water over it, there is no harm in it.
Forbidden (Haram)Delegation is not permissible in purification, except for pouring water, delivering water to the limbs, and purifying impurities from the body, clothes, and other things.
Required (Wajib)If the impurity is on his garment, he must prioritize washing it and perform tayammum for the hadath.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)Obligatory (Fard)The obligation of ghusl (major ablution) by penetration.
Required (Wajib)The emission of gushing semen with desire necessitates ghusl for both men and women, whether they are awake or asleep.
Permissible (Mubah)Abu Hanifa did not obligate ghusl upon him (the convert) in any situation.
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)That (i.e., covering the deceased) was recommended for fear that the deceased's awrah (private parts) might be exposed to the sky.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked for those who do not assist in the matter (of washing the deceased) to be present.
Preferred (Mustahabb)For this reason, we prefer that the washer be trustworthy, honest, and righteous.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If an old man embraces Islam and fears for himself from circumcision, it is dropped from him.
Preferred (Mustahabb)[Regarding an adult male or female convert], it is more beloved to me that they purify themselves (through circumcision).
Required (Wajib)As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men.
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Rather, that (for the seller to take from the buyer what is not rightfully his) is forbidden for him, so how can it be recommendable?
Forbidden (Haram)And if he said, 'I sold you for such-and-such on the condition that I take the Dinar from you for such-and-such,' the sale is not concluded.
Forbidden (Haram)And because waiting to sell is not permissible to be compensated for.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)The transfer of debt (hawala) becomes void if the rejection occurs before receipt, due to the falling away of the price for which the transfer was made.
Permissible (Mubah)The second case is that he guarantees at the debtor's command but pays without his specific command, he also has the right to claim it back.
Required (Wajib)There is an obligation of payment upon him (the guarantor).
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If apparent underground minerals are on the surface, they are also not owned through revival (claiming/working the land).
Forbidden (Haram)and a wrongful root has no right.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever revives a land that belongs to no one, he is most entitled to it.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)That they enter into a partnership to share whatever each one acquires from inheritance, or finds from buried treasure or lost items, and each one is bound by what binds the other from compensation for injury, guarantee for usurpation, value of damaged goods, penalty for guarantee, or surety, this is invalid.
Permissible (Mubah)That they partner in all types of partnership, such as combining 'Anan, Wujooh, and Abdan partnerships, is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If he stipulates that the slave of the owner of the wealth works with him in the partnership, it is valid.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)it is permissible for him to plant what is similar or less harmful.
Permissible (Mubah)For it is permissible for him to lease out the rented item before taking possession of its benefits.
Required (Wajib)This would be a lease, and it has the ruling of other leases.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the partner refuses (to hand over the shared movable item), but the mortgagee and mortgagor agree to leave it in the partner's hand, it is permissible, and the partner acts on their behalf in taking possession.
Required (Wajib)If he (the mortgagor) is wealthy, its (the slave's) value is taken from him and made a pledge in its place, because he nullified the right of the collateral without the mortgagee's permission, so its value became binding upon him.
Permissible (Mubah)Then the mortgagee has the right to claim it (the compensation) if the master neglects or delays the claim, or is absent, or has an excuse preventing him from claiming.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Delivery (of a gift) is not valid without his (the donor's) permission.
Gifting (hibah) and charity (sadaqa) for items that are measured or weighed are not valid except by taking possession of them.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to sell it (the endowed animal), as has been previously explained.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the worker compensates for the entire amount, he may recourse against the usurper for the equivalent value of his share and his customary wages.
Permissible (Mubah)The worker may recourse against the usurper for his customary wages.
Required (Wajib)The liability (for the worker's share) ultimately settles upon him (the worker) because the damage occurred while in his possession.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if he (the agent) did not know its defect, the sale is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If one of the two agents is absent, the other is not permitted to act alone.
Permissible (Mubah)When an agent sells for a specified price, ownership of that price is established for the principal.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to sell raisin vinegar for raisin vinegar, just as it is permissible to sell date vinegar for date vinegar.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to sell cooked food of the same kind.
Forbidden (Haram)A dry item from that category is not to be sold for a wet item.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is incumbent upon the one who stated it to guarantee everything.
Required (Wajib)If the guaranteed person is presented before the term, and there is no harm in accepting him, it is obligatory for the beneficiary of the guarantee to accept him.
Permissible (Mubah)If the creditor absolves the principal debtor, the guarantor's liability is cleared.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)One of the two narrations is that it (the purchase of a Muslim relative by a disbeliever) is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If a disbeliever buys a Muslim relative who would be freed upon purchase, such as his father or brother, the purchase is valid, and the Muslim is freed, according to some of our companions.
Permissible (Mubah)If they are separated after reaching puberty, it is permissible.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If it (the endowment by a sick person) is from one-third of the wealth, it is permissible without the heirs' consent and becomes binding.
Required (Wajib)Abu al-Khattab said: The [formerly minor] individual does not have the right to cancel the lease because it is a binding contract, entered into by the right of guardianship, and thus it is not nullified by reaching puberty, just as if he had sold his house or married him off.
Permissible (Mubah)Abu Hanifa said: It is permissible for him to sell to his adult child.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the depositary does not fear responsibility, which is that they would be held accountable for it, then they should hand it over to its owner.
Required (Wajib)If he knows its owner, he is obligated to inform him; if he does not do so, he becomes liable for it.
Required (Wajib)If the wind throws another person's garment into his house, he is obliged to preserve it.
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for condiments, sweets, honey, oil, and animal fodder, there is no prohibited hoarding in them.
Forbidden (Haram)And hoarding is forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)If one brings something (from outside) or stores something from his own produce, he is not considered a hoarder (in the prohibited sense).
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)The duration of breastfeeding must be known.
Forbidden (Haram)If, along with that (a share), known dirhams were made for him, it is not permissible. This was explicitly stated by him (Ahmad), though another narration permits it. The first opinion is the correct one.
Permissible (Mubah)Annulment does not require a judge's ruling.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if he is unable, he has the right to annul it.
Permissible (Mubah)However, if one reconciles for damages with something of a different type, for a value greater than its worth, it is permissible; because it is considered a sale, and it is permissible to buy something for more or less than its value.
Permissible (Mubah)If he is able to seize it, the reconciliation becomes firm.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the garment is deficient only in length, the weaver receives his proportionate share of the agreed-upon amount.
Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion states that if a weaver produces a garment deficient in length, width, or both, he receives his proportionate share of the agreed-upon amount.
Forbidden (Haram)And there is no fee for him, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade the stud fee for a male animal.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then, one sells goods and furniture (from the insolvent's assets).
Required (Wajib)Finally, real estate (from the insolvent's assets) is sold.
Required (Wajib)One begins by selling the offending slave (from the insolvent's assets), and pays the victim the lesser of its price or the compensation for the offense.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if it was less, it is compensated with its value on the day it was destroyed, according to both views.
Permissible (Mubah)Then the analogical deduction of the madhhab is that he is absolved (from compensation).
Required (Wajib)Except for the case where compensation for parts damaged by authorized use is obligatory, then it is compensated with its value before its parts were destroyed, if its value at that time was higher.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to wash them three times, each wash with water and sidr as described, and to put camphor in the water for the third wash to firm, cool, and perfume the body.
Permissible (Mubah)The blood that exits from the nose (of the deceased) is easier than ritual impurity (hadath) in that the ritual bath (ghusl) is not repeated for them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to remove the clothes of the deceased.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)He said, in the narration of Ibrahim al-Harbi, regarding someone who gives the adhan from his house on a rooftop: "Allah forbid! We have not heard of anyone doing this."
Discouraged (Makruh)But if it is far, then not (it is disliked); because the call of a nearby person is from near the mosque, so those who hear the adhan come to it. A distant person's call might be heard by someone who does not know the mosque, who then gets misled by it and intends to go there, but gets lost from the mosque.
Permissible (Mubah)It has been narrated regarding someone who gives the adhan in his house, and there is a path between him and the mosque from which people can hear: I hope there is no harm in it.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And the correct view is its permissibility (traveling to visit graves and shrines).
Preferred (Mustahabb)Then, what is not common clothing for people, such as leathers, furs, and iron, should be removed from his clothing.
Required (Wajib)He should be washed and prayed over.
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It was disliked to build a mosque amidst graves.
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, mosques are not suitable for any such urination or filth; rather, they are for the remembrance of Allah, prayer, and reading the Quran.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked for him to step over people's necks (to pass) when he comes to the mosque.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Supplication is recommended when rain falls.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And they should thank Allah for His blessing and ask Him for more of His bounty.
Permissible (Mubah)And if he leaves the prostration, there is no blame.
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And a man afflicted by poverty, to the extent that three intelligent people from his community say: 'So-and-so has been afflicted by poverty,' for whom asking for charity is permissible until he obtains enough to sustain himself.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to take wages for judiciary, testimony, and imamate (leading prayer).
Recommended (Sunnah)When he meets him, he should initiate with greetings of peace (salam), because that is the Sunnah.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Reciting the Quran with *tartil* (measured pace and clear articulation) is better than reciting much with haste.
Discouraged (Makruh)Abu Abd Allah disliked reciting the Quran with melodies and said: 'It is an innovation.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is established that beautifying one's voice with the Quran and chanting it melodiously is recommended and not disliked, as long as it does not lead to changing its wording or adding letters.
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Residing in Medina is more beloved to me than residing in Mecca, for whoever is able to endure it.
Forbidden (Haram)Its fresh herbage should not be cut.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When the covering of the Kaaba is removed, it should be given as charity.
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)(Regarding a matter whose origin is unknown, such as a man whose wealth is mixed with halal and haram, this is a doubtful matter) which it is better to leave.
Permissible (Mubah)As for acts of worship related to wealth, such as Zakat, voluntary charities (Sadaqat), vows, and expiations, it is permissible to appoint an agent for their collection and distribution. And it is permissible for the one paying to appoint an agent for their extraction and delivery to their rightful recipients.
Permissible (Mubah)There has been no consensus on the obligation of a voluntary act (nafilah) once it is started, except for Hajj and Umrah.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if he has intercourse with her without fearing to fall into sin, there is no expiation upon him.
Required (Wajib)So when he (the slave) comes into his (the buyer's) possession, he is judged free due to his previous acknowledgement.
Required (Wajib)If a man acknowledges the freedom of a slave and then buys him, or if two men testify to the freedom of a slave belonging to someone else and their testimony is rejected, then one of them buys him from his master, the slave is freed immediately, due to his admission that what he bought is free.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to be generous on this day (Eid).
Forbidden (Haram)As for those who are permissible for her in some state, such as her slave or her sister's husband, they are not mahram for her. Ahmad explicitly stated this.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for three days or more, unless her father, or her son, or her husband, or a mahram from her accompanies her.
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Required (Wajib)And his jaw should be tied, so that his jaw does not slacken.
Required (Wajib)And his eyes should be closed.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Whoever's last words at death are 'I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone, without partner,' except that it demolishes the sins and transgressions that preceded it. So, teach it to your dying ones.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The minimum that suffices for shrouding is one garment that covers all of it.
Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: Less than three garments are not sufficient for shrouding for one who is able to afford them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said: A boy should be shrouded in a single piece of cloth.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)that this is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)And if he wishes to perform it (such an act), he is not allowed to do so, whether he vowed it or not.
Forbidden (Haram)Silence from speech, and the apparent meaning of the narrations is its prohibition.
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to bury in a coffin.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise the grave except a little.
Discouraged (Makruh)The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade adding more soil to the grave than what came out of its excavation.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)There is no one among Allah's creation upon whom Hajj and Umrah are not both obligatory, and they are indispensable for whoever can find a way to them.
Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
Required (Wajib)He is killed for his disbelief like an apostate, so he is not washed, nor shrouded, nor buried among Muslims, nor does anyone inherit from him, nor does he inherit from anyone.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
Required (Wajib)The implication of this is that it is obligatory for him to accept the news, even if the judge rejects it.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a judge rules based on the sighting [of the crescent] by the testimony of one witness, it is permissible.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one rents out his house and receives its rent, no zakat is due on it until a year has passed over it.
Required (Wajib)The first condition is that one acquires it through his action, such as sale, marriage, khul', accepting a gift, a will, spoils of war, and acquiring permissible things.
Required (Wajib)An item does not become a trade good (for Zakat purposes) except by two conditions.
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)[The Prophet] commanded me to take one-tenth from what is watered by the sky or by its roots (ba'l), and half of one-tenth from what is watered by a bucket (daliyah).
Required (Wajib)For what is watered by the sky, springs, or was athari (rain-fed), one-tenth is due. For what is watered by nadh (drawing water), half of one-tenth is due.
Required (Wajib)Zakat is obligatory on everything whose cultivation is intended for the growth of the land, except firewood, cane, and grass.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Obligatory charity (Zakat) should not be given to parents, however high their lineage, nor to children, however low their lineage.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the Zakat collector to give the surplus (from Jubran or similar compensation) to the poor.
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, the obligatory charity is forbidden for us (referring to the Prophet's family/Hashemites).
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whoever has in his possession what he can use to pay Zakat al-Fitr, and he has a debt of the same amount, he is obligated to pay it.
Required (Wajib)The Prophet (peace be upon him) made Zakat al-Fitr obligatory as a `sa'` of dates or a `sa'` of barley.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to give out flour. Ahmad explicitly stated this, and likewise for gruel (sawiq).
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)If it was pasturing with its owner but fed by the usurper, then there is no Zakat on it.
There is no Zakat on him, because its owner did not consent to its pasturing, so Zakat is not obligatory on him due to the usurper's action.
Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi's view is that Zakat is obligatory on it because feeding it [by the usurper] is forbidden, so it does not affect the Zakat.
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)(The Prophet said): Give it as charity to your child.
Permissible (Mubah)As for those whose maintenance is obligatory upon him (the agent), other than his children, parents, or wife, it is permissible to give to them from the charity, just as it is permissible to give voluntary charity to them.
Permissible (Mubah)It is possible for him (the agent) to take from it if the general wording (of the appointment) includes him, as in previous cases, because the meaning by which entitlement is obtained is present in him, and the wording includes him, so it is permissible for him to take like others.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of Zakat on minerals is a quarter of a tenth (2.5%), and it is described as Zakat. This is the saying of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and Malik.
Required (Wajib)Abu Hanifa said, in one of the narrations from him: Zakat is due on all malleable metals, such as lead, iron, and copper, but not on others.
Permissible (Mubah)Malik and Shafi'i said: Zakat is not due except on gold and silver.
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he defrauds his wealth and conceals it so that the Imam does not take its Zakat (this action is forbidden).
Required (Wajib)If the one withholding Zakat is outside the Imam's control, he should be fought.
Required (Wajib)If each of them paid his Zakat and the Zakat of his companion together, at the same time, then each of them guarantees the share of his companion.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for its amount, it is one-fifth.
Required (Wajib)Rikaz (buried treasure) on which Khums (one-fifth) is due includes all types of wealth, such as gold, silver, iron, lead, brass, copper, utensils, and other similar items.
Required (Wajib)It is recounted that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz took the fifth (Khums) from ambergris.
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)(According to Ibn Hamid) It is permissible as long as it does not reach one thousand mithqal; if it reaches that, it becomes forbidden, and Zakat is due on it.
Required (Wajib)If the breakage prevents its use, then Al-Qadi said: In my opinion, Zakat is due on it.
If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.
Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.