Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not wear silk.
Permissible (Mubah)A single garment suffices (for prayer).
Preferred (Mustahabb)And two garments are better (for prayer).
+ 173 more rulings
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in using wars and saffron (for dyeing hair).
Preferred (Mustahabb)The correct view is that one achieves the benefit (of siwak) to the extent of cleanliness achieved, and one should not abandon a small part of the Sunnah due to inability to perform its greater part.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to apply oil, clean oneself by removing hair, and eliminate unpleasant odors.
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)She entered Ihram for it without his permission, so he [the husband] possesses the right to nullify it.
Permissible (Mubah)She has the right to fast without her husband's permission.
Forbidden (Haram)He [the husband] does not have the right to nullify it [his wife's Ihram for voluntary Hajj]; because Hajj becomes binding upon commencing it, so the husband does not have the right to nullify it, similar to a vowed Hajj.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for the guardian of an orphan to engage in *mudarabah* (profit-sharing investment) with his (the orphan's) money, and to entrust it to someone else to engage in *mudarabah* with it, allocating a share of the profit for that person, whether it be a general guardian, an appointed guardian, a judge, or a judge's trustee.
Permissible (Mubah)A father is permitted to take from his child's wealth whatever he wishes and own it, whether the father is in need of what he takes or not, and whether the child is young or old.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden for a father to unduly burden or harm his son, nor to take anything that the son is in need of (when taking from his wealth).
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If someone bequeaths to his heirs the usufruct of a slave, it is not permissible (i.e., it is invalid).
Required (Wajib)If the two parties to a sale die, their heirs are in their position regarding all that we have mentioned.
Required (Wajib)However, he (the admitted heir) shares in the inheritance with the one who made the admission, according to the opinion of most scholars.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)There is no disagreement among scholars regarding the recommendation of equality (in giving gifts to children).
Preferred (Mustahabb)The recommended equality is to divide among them according to Allah's division of inheritance, making the male's share equal to that of two females.
Permissible (Mubah)The father has the right to retract what he has gifted to his child, and this is the apparent position of Ahmad's madhab, whether he intends by retracting it to equalize among his children or not.
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a man owns a slave woman who has three children, and she has no husband, nor has he acknowledged having intercourse with her, and then he says, 'One of these is my child,' then his acknowledgment is valid.
Required (Wajib)his heir takes his place in clarifying.
And the second [narration] is that it is accepted.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)And her word is accepted regarding the denial of compensation (in a khula).
The waiting period (iddah) for a divorced woman and those similar to her does not end except by it (i.e., the completion of menstrual cycles).
So if the usurper had sworn an oath of divorce that he did not usurp it, we would not make his divorce effective, because the witness and oath are evidence regarding property, not regarding divorce.
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Required (Wajib)And the slave woman becomes Umm Walad (mother of his child).
Permissible (Mubah)And no mahr (dowry) is due from him.
Required (Wajib)And upon him (the one who had intercourse) is the compensation for the defect of childbirth (to the slave woman).
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)This female slave (the pledged one) does not become an Umm Walad (mother of his child) for the mortgagee under any circumstances, whether he owned her after the birth or before it, and regardless of whether we rule the child to be a slave or free, because he impregnated her while she was not his property.
Required (Wajib)And if he (the seller) is untruthful, then she is his property, and her entire estate belongs to him, so he takes from it the amount he claims, and the remainder is held in trust.
Forbidden (Haram)If the one who had intercourse (under misapprehension) later owns her, she does not become an `umm walad` by that, according to the correct view of the madhhab.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And she has the right to take it from his wealth without his knowledge if he refrains from paying it.
Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of maintenance and clothing is the minimum that is customarily spent on someone like them.
Required (Wajib)Their clothing is also obligatory.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him to be in seclusion with them [i.e., the mother or daughter of a woman with whom one had intercourse due to misconception or illicit sex], nor to look at them for that reason.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
Required (Wajib)It is stipulated for a mahram that he be an adult and sane.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If a woman has her own child, it is not permissible to hire her out for wet nursing, unless her milk is in excess of what her own child needs.
Forbidden (Haram)None of these slave women (his slave woman, mudabbara, umm walad, etc.) are permitted to hire themselves out.
Permissible (Mubah)It is only permissible for wet-nursing.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The father has the right to prevent his son from undertaking voluntary acts of worship.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon the guardian of a child to teach him purification and prayer when he reaches seven years of age and to command him with them, and it is obligatory upon him to discipline him for them when he reaches ten years of age.
Permissible (Mubah)Indeed, he (the father) has the right to prevent him (the son) from participating in military expeditions (Ghazw).
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a man lends another dirhams and says, 'If I die, you are absolved,' it is considered a will.
Required (Wajib)It is not right for a Muslim who sleeps for two nights having something to bequeath, except that his will is written down with him.
Forbidden (Haram)If he bequeathed it to an unspecified entity, such as the poor, it is not permissible for the executor to permit management [of the partnership share].
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A single intention for the entire month suffices him, if he intends to fast the whole month.
Discouraged (Makruh)Malik disliked it (fasting six days of Shawwal).
Discouraged (Makruh)And is it disliked (for a fasting person to use siwak after Dhuhr)? There are two narrations: one of them is that it is disliked.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in speaking for one's need, or conversing with others, during i'tikaf.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Except for the one performing `i'tikaf`, it is recommended for him to go out in his `i'tikaf` clothes, so that the sign of worship and devotion remains upon him.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is Sunnah for the one in i'tikaf not to visit a sick person, nor to attend a funeral, nor to touch a woman, nor to have intimate contact with her. (Therefore, performing these actions is disliked).
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Required (Wajib)For intercourse without penetration but with ejaculation while fasting, expiation is required. This is one narration from Ahmad and the view of Malik, Ata, Hasan, Ibn al-Mubarak, and Ishaq.
Required (Wajib)The apparent view of the Hanbali madhhab, explicitly stated by Ahmad, is that one who had intercourse forgetfully while fasting is treated like one who did it intentionally, implying expiation and make-up are due.
Required (Wajib)One [expiation] is not sufficient, and two expiations are obligatory upon him.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he delays making up (missed fasts) beyond another Ramadan without a valid excuse, then he owes, in addition to the makeup fasts, feeding a poor person for each day he missed.
Required (Wajib)If death occurs after negligence (in making up missed fasts) without delaying until another Ramadan, it obligates an expiation. And if there is a delay without death, it also obligates an expiation. If both conditions combine, then two expiations become obligatory.
Required (Wajib)Tawus and Qatadah said that feeding a poor person on his behalf is obligatory, because it is an obligatory fast that was waived due to inability, so feeding became obligatory, like an old man who leaves fasting due to inability.
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion is that it is valid to fast them for an obligation, based on what was narrated from Ibn Amr and Aisha, who said: 'No concession was given for fasting during the Days of Tashreeq except for one who could not find a sacrificial animal (i.e., the pilgrim performing Tamattu' Hajj who lacks a Hady).' This is a sahih hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari, and every obligatory fast can be analogized to it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not allowed to fast on the two Eid days, nor on the days of Tashreeq, neither as an obligatory fast nor as a voluntary one.
Forbidden (Haram)If one intends to fast on these days (Eid or Tashreeq), they are disobedient, and it does not suffice for an obligatory fast.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Required (Wajib)Whoever dies with fasts due upon him, his guardian should fast on his behalf.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Rather, it is recommended to perform make-up fasts during them (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah), according to those who forbid voluntary fasting before fulfilling an obligatory fast.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It was also narrated from him (Ahmad) that it is not disliked to use a wet siwak stick (while fasting).
Discouraged (Makruh)Repeated looking (gazing) is disliked for someone whose lust is aroused by it, but not disliked for someone whose lust is not aroused by it, similar to kissing.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad and Ishaq considered it recommended (mustahabb) to avoid using the siwak in the afternoon (for a fasting person).
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one specifies the intention for the fast of Ramadan, or its make-up, or an expiation, or a vow, they do not need to intend it to be obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If one had an obligatory fast from year five but intended to fast for year six, or intended to fast for Sunday but it was Monday, or thought tomorrow was Sunday and intended for it but it was Monday, their fast is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is sufficient according to the other narration.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And the prohibition of hunting it (the solid black dog).
Permissible (Mubah)So the people of the house hunted it, and they owned it by their hunting.
Permissible (Mubah)It belongs to the hunter.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one usurps wine from a Muslim, he is not obliged to return it, and it is obligatory to pour it out.
Permissible (Mubah)Based on this, if one enters a land where there are Magi and People of the Book, it is permissible for him to eat their cheese and meat, in reliance on the action of the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in eating it (referring to melted ghee into which a live mouse fell but did not die).
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
Forbidden (Haram)Do not drink from gold and silver vessels, and do not eat from their plates.
Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Required (Wajib)When you enter ihram, cut the support on the sandals and the heel-strap that is made for the sandal.
Required (Wajib)Whoever kills land game while in a state of ihram, whether intentionally or by mistake, must expiate for it with a livestock animal similar to the killed animal, if the killed animal was a beast.
Permissible (Mubah)So, whoever exited ihram and then re-entered it, it is permissible for them, like one performing Umrah.
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is narrated that they are not among the conditions of obligation, but rather they are conditions for the necessity of performance. So, if the five conditions are met, and then one dies before these two conditions are met, Hajj is performed on his behalf after his death, and if he becomes unable before they are met, it remains a debt upon him.
Required (Wajib)So, it is necessary to offer payment for it (i.e., Hajj by proxy).
Required (Wajib)(According to Abu Hanifa) And if one has intercourse after that (completing four rounds of Tawaf for Umrah), a sheep is due upon him, and his Umrah is not invalidated.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And one must not give the butcher anything from it as payment for his work.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If he divides it (the meat), that is better and more preferable.
Required (Wajib)When the sacrificial animal (Hady) is slaughtered, it must be distributed among the poor people of the Sacred Precinct (Haram).
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If neither of them had an intention, or if each of them intended for the other, then it is not valid for either of them.
Forbidden (Haram)If he performs the circumambulation (tawaf) before directing his ihram (when it was vague), his circumambulation is not counted.
Preferred (Mustahabb)All of this (referring to touching, kissing, pointing to the Black Stone, or using a staff, and saying Takbir if unable to reach it) is recommended (mustahabb).
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one of them gave permission and the other did not, he must return half of the expenses to the one who did not give permission, alone.
Required (Wajib)Go to the House and circumambulate it seven times. If you have a sacrificial animal with you, slaughter it. Then, when the next year comes, perform Hajj. If you find the means, offer a sacrifice, but if you do not, then fast three days during Hajj and seven days when you return.
Permissible (Mubah)And if the deceased said: 'Perform Hajj for me with a thousand dirhams,' and it was given to a man, he is allowed to spend generously from it, and whatever remains belongs to him.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: Whoever matted, tied, or braided their hair (during ihram), must shave it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And shaving the head is superior (more virtuous) than trimming it.
Permissible (Mubah)The scholars are unanimous that trimming the hair is sufficient.
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: It is not permissible. (Referring to the scenario where a father acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to her, then divorces her, then remarries her, and dies during his illness, his acknowledgment to her is not accepted.
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he set a net before entering Ihram, and game fell into it after he entered Ihram, he is not liable for it.
Permissible (Mubah)It should be that he is not liable for what is destroyed by it (e.g., game falling into a lawfully dug well), just as he is not liable for a human (falling into it).
Required (Wajib)If it is something whose parts are alike and whose qualities vary, like grains and oils, then its like (an equivalent item) is obligatory as compensation.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)If someone makes an acknowledgement to an heir, it is void.
And from him (Abu Hanifa) a narration states: it is not accepted with less than two hundred dirhams. His two students also held this view, because it is the amount on which zakat becomes obligatory (Abu Hanifa's second view).
Discouraged (Makruh)Acknowledgment is reporting a pre-existing right, so it cannot be made conditional on a future event.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the judge distributed his wealth among his creditors, and then another creditor appeared, the new creditor should claim his share from the other creditors.
Required (Wajib)His confession becomes binding upon him after the guardianship is lifted from him, provided he is an adult.
If this (lack of sound judgment) is established, then his legal dispositions are not valid, nor is his confession.
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a man owns two adjacent houses, with their backs facing each other, and each house's door is in a separate cul-de-sac, and he removes the barrier between them, making them one house, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)The owner of the air-space has the right to remove it by one of the two means (redirection or cutting).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him (the owner of the air-space) to destroy them (the branches) if removal without destruction is possible without undue hardship or expense.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a person claims against another a deposit, a loan, or negligence in a deposit or partnership, and the other denies it, and they then reconcile, the reconciliation is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person knows what is due from him and he denies it, then the reconciliation is invalid.
Permissible (Mubah)That reconciliation upon denial is valid.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he (the master) exacts Qisas (retaliation), then its (the slave's) value is upon him, and this value becomes a pledge in place of the slave, and a repayment for the debt.
Required (Wajib)And there is another narration from Ahmad that he (the master) is obligated to pay the compensation for the slave's offense, no matter how much it amounts to.
Required (Wajib)If the master chooses to ransom the slave who committed an offense, he is obligated to pay the lesser of two things: the slave's value or the compensation for his offense.
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one reconciles a claim for retaliation (qisas) with a slave, and the slave turns out to be rightfully claimed by another, the claimant must revert to claiming its monetary value, according to all scholars.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire someone for the execution of retaliation (qisas), whether in life or for injuries less than capital.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to hire someone for retaliation (qisas) in life (i.e., capital punishment).
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)He is obligated to make up what he missed of worship during his apostasy and during his Islam before his apostasy (according to another opinion).
Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)And if he does not remain steadfast upon it (Islam), then he is an apostate, and the rulings of apostates apply to him.
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)(The Prophet said to Abu Sayyara after he agreed to pay Zakat on his honey): 'Then protect its mountain.' So, he (the Prophet) protected it for him.
Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
Required (Wajib)And the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, agreed to fight those who withhold it (Zakat).
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
Required (Wajib)If he was aware of the prohibition, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment of unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
Then there is no prescribed punishment (`hadd`) upon him (the usurper if ignorant or mistaken).
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the seller testifies to the pre-emptor's pardon after receiving the price, his testimony is accepted.
The statement of the seller is accepted with his oath.
Required (Wajib)Then the statement is that of the one who claims it, without an oath (in cases where the defect can only be attributed to one party).
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A cow will suffice him (for an unspecified vow of a camel, according to the preferred view).
Required (Wajib)And he must expiate by fasting.
Required (Wajib)Then an expiation for an oath becomes obligatory due to it (the breaking of a vow related to a fast).
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is allowed to shade himself with anything that causes no harm, such as a mat, a box, a cloth, and the like.
Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike walking on the culvert through which water flows.
Permissible (Mubah)As for flowing minerals, they are permissible in all circumstances.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The exception from a different genus is absolutely valid.
Required (Wajib)If one conjoins and says: 'So and so and so many dirham' (with 'dirham' in the nominative case), then one dirham becomes obligatory upon him.
Required (Wajib)The implication of a command is obligation.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he (the ruler) gives, then take.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is permissible for the teacher to strike children for discipline.
Permissible (Mubah)If a person entrusted with a sheep brings its skin and claims it died, his word is accepted, and he is not held liable.
+ 38 more rulings
Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no blame upon the women of Banu al-Mughirah for crying over Abu Sulaiman, as long as there is no *naq'a* (placing dust on the head) or *laqlaqah* (raising the voice in lamentation).
Permissible (Mubah)Abu Abdillah (Imam Ahmad) saw no harm in moving them (graves/bodies).
Permissible (Mubah)I do not know of any harm in transferring a person who dies in their town to another town.
+ 35 more rulings
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the authorized agent buys someone who would be freed upon the owner of the capital with his permission, it is valid, and the person is freed.
And if the price is more (than the compensation), the surplus belongs to the master.
If he (the master) hands him over for sale, and his price is less than the compensation for his offense, then the victim has nothing but that (price).
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And that which causes no harm is not permissible to kill.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in killing snakes and scorpions.
Permissible (Mubah)By analogy to the rabid dog, anything that harms people and causes damage to their lives or property is permissible to kill.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And if one is not in the mosque, he should spit to his left or under his foot.
Forbidden (Haram)Agency is not valid in usurpation (ghasb).
Forbidden (Haram)resemblance to monasticism, which is prohibited.
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)And his value becomes obligatory (to be paid) because he was meant to be owned, but the belief in freedom prevented him from slavery, so his value became obligatory, with which a slave is bought to be an endowment, and his value is considered on the day he is born alive.
Permissible (Mubah)The preferred view (madhab) is that the waqf of ornaments is valid because adornment is among the important purposes, custom is established for it, and Islamic law has considered it by exempting its wearers from zakat, and permitted its rental for that purpose.
Required (Wajib)And he must pay the value of the child, with which a slave is bought in its place.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for the smoke from baking and cooking, its harm is slight, it is not possible to avoid it, and it is overlooked (tolerated).
Required (Wajib)And according to us, it is a right that must be enabled (referring to a neighbor placing wood on an adjoining wall).
Permissible (Mubah)so much so that if it (the placed wood) is removed, it is permissible to restore it.
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)There is no disagreement among our companions that the use of gold and silver vessels is forbidden (haram).
Forbidden (Haram)As for objects plated with gold or silver, if the plating is extensive, it is forbidden in all circumstances, whether it is gold or silver, and whether for a need or otherwise.
Forbidden (Haram)It is explicitly stated that the ornamentation of the girth, stirrup, and bridle (with gold or silver) is forbidden.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)However, if the owner from whom the property transferred claims that it belongs to him, then his word is accepted, because his hand was upon it due to it being in its location.
Permissible (Mubah)If the heirs agree that the buried treasure did not belong to their deceased, then it belongs to the first owner.
Permissible (Mubah)If he does not claim it, then it belongs to its finder.
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)However, if they collude on that (i.e., a trick), it is not permissible and is a forbidden stratagem.
Forbidden (Haram)All legal stratagems (Hiyal) are forbidden and not permissible in any matter of the religion.
Forbidden (Haram)So, everything of this nature that is done by way of a legal stratagem is evil and forbidden.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for the Imam (leader) to distribute the Khums (one-fifth) among all its rightful recipients and ensure it encompasses all of them, unlike Zakat.
Permissible (Mubah)That the Imam has a choice between distributing it among the warriors and making it an endowment for all Muslims.
Forbidden (Haram)Fleeing on the day of battle is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to interfere with them [dhimmis] concerning what they do not display publicly.
Required (Wajib)As for what they display publicly, it is obligatory to denounce it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to imitate the People of the Book in such matters (i.e., using their unknown dates for contract terms).
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Because mutilating a part of a human being is fundamentally forbidden, and it is only permitted if its retention becomes harmful.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the tooth) did not heal, but the hirer refused to have it extracted, he should not be forced to do so.
Forbidden (Haram)because extracting it (a healed tooth) is no longer permissible.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the recipient to wear it if he knows it is not his garment.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is more scrupulous to extract what is certainly the forbidden item itself, and this is only achieved by extracting everything.
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)The standard measure is the measure of the people of Medina.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to exercise ijtihad (taharri), even if the permissible [items] are many.
Required (Wajib)Wheat and barley are measurable by volume, as explicitly stated in the Prophet's saying: 'Wheat for wheat, measure for measure; barley for barley, measure for measure.'
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for one to take another's property to save one's life, and to destroy property to preserve it (meaning what one eats).
Required (Wajib)If he has surplus food and finds someone in dire need, it is obligatory to give it to them because it is a state of necessity.
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)It is recommended (sunnah) to begin a Surah by reciting 'Bismillahir Rahmanir Raheem' (In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful).
Recommended (Sunnah)Saying the extended praise (like "Mil' al-sama...") after the Tahmid (e.g., after 'Rabbana wa lakal hamd').
Recommended (Sunnah)Starting prostration by placing the knees down before the hands.
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Required (Wajib)The sound opinion is that the ruler's permission is not a condition (for the obligation or validity of Friday prayer).
Required (Wajib)If one completely lacks both means of purification (water and dust), he should pray according to his condition.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for him to pray on his riding animal (when he leaves inhabited buildings and residences, even by fifty steps).
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one prays two rak'ahs of Maghrib, gives the salutation, then enters a voluntary prayer, it is considered like speech; he must restart the (Maghrib) prayer.
Permissible (Mubah)If one hears the prostration verse while not in a state of purity, neither ablution (wudu) nor dry ablution (tayammum) becomes obligatory upon them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)In Surah Al-Hajj, there are two prostrations of recitation.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they are equal [in qualification for imamate] and dispute, they should draw lots between them, as in all other prayers.
Discouraged (Makruh)And it is disliked for the congregants to stand between the pillars because they cut their rows.
If a disbeliever, or someone whose prayer is invalid (other than those mentioned previously), stands next to someone, their forming a row together is not valid.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Al-Athram asked Abu Abdullah (Imam Ahmad) about a latecomer joining the imam in the fourth rak'ah, where the imam sits for the final *tashahhud*: 'Should the man who came perform *tawarruk* with him in this sitting?' He replied: 'If he wishes, he may perform *tawarruk*.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)These two (narrations) necessitate *iftirash* (sitting on the left foot) for every *tashahhud*, except what is exempted by the hadith of Abu Humaid regarding the second *tashahhud*. In all other cases, it remains according to the original principle, and because this is not a second *tashahhud*, one should not perform *tawarruk* (sitting on the buttocks with the left foot under the right thigh) in it like in the first.
Discouraged (Makruh)And the other (narration/opinion regarding supplicating for a specific person in prayer) is that it is not permissible.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to combine prayers due to illness.
Permissible (Mubah)Likewise, it is permissible to combine prayers for a woman experiencing istihadah (non-menstrual bleeding), for one who suffers from urinary incontinence, and for those in similar situations.
Recommended (Sunnah)The Sunnah for combining prayers in rain is to combine before twilight disappears, and in travel, it is to delay until twilight disappears.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to wipe away pebbles or gravel during prayer.
Discouraged (Makruh)Swaying in prayer is disliked.
Forbidden (Haram)The hadith of Mu'awiyah ibn al-Hakam al-Sulami indicates the prohibition of saying 'yarhamukallah' to a sneezer (during prayer).
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Required (Wajib)He must repeat the prayer because the error in one of the conditions of prayer has become evident to him, thus repetition is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If one prays on a high mountain that extends beyond the direct alignment of the Kaaba, his prayer is valid.
Discouraged (Makruh)And I dislike everything (in the qibla direction). They even disliked placing anything in the direction of prayer, even the Mushaf (Quran).
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from praying during three specific times: when the sun rises until it has fully risen, when the sun is at its zenith until it declines, and when the sun inclines towards setting until it sets.
Required (Wajib)It is narrated from Malik that if one catches the duration of five rak'ahs from the time of the second prayer (of two combined prayers), the first prayer becomes obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If one doubts (about the prohibited time), he may pray until he knows.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Except that a woman gathers herself (i.e., keeps her limbs close to her body) in bowing (rukoo') and prostrating (sujood).
Preferred (Mustahabb)And she (a woman) sits cross-legged or drapes her legs, placing them on her right side.
Forbidden (Haram)If there are non-mahram men present, a woman should not recite loudly in prayer, unless they are her mahrams, in which case there is no harm.
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)All of this (unavoidable substances like algae, leaves, straw, sulfur, and tar found in water) is excused, because it is difficult to guard against it (implying the water remains purifying and permissible to use for ablution).
Required (Wajib)And if it is the other (non-menstrual) blood, then perform wudu.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Al-Awza'i and Sa'eed bin Abd al-Aziz said: Ablution is performed thrice for each limb, except for washing the feet.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Required (Wajib)and to spill its leftover water (after a dog has licked from it).
Permissible (Mubah)We know of no disagreement among scholars regarding the permissibility of praying in clothes woven by disbelievers.
Permissible (Mubah)Abu al-Khattab said: Their (non-People of the Book) clothes and vessels are pure, permissible to use, unless their impurity is certain.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If she sees it after her menstrual days, it is not considered anything.
It is possible that no expiation is binding upon him (the child) because the rules of legal responsibility (taklif) do not apply to him, and this (expiation) is a subsidiary matter of those rules, so it does not apply.
Required (Wajib)If a child has sexual intercourse (during menstruation), expiation becomes binding upon him due to the generality of the Hadith and by analogy to the expiation for intercourse during Ihram.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If it is a supererogatory prayer, tayammum is not permissible for it during a time when performing such a prayer is forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)If it is a missed prayer, tayammum is permissible for it at any time.
Permissible (Mubah)And it (Tayammum) is permissible by the Book (Quran), the Sunnah, and consensus (Ijma').
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)His purification is valid.
Recommended (Sunnah)The Prophet (PBUH) said: 'That which conceals the awrah of the children of Adam from the Jinn when entering the toilet is to say: Bismillah.'
Recommended (Sunnah)The Prophet (PBUH) said: 'None of you should be incapable, when entering his toilet, of saying: O Allah, I seek refuge in You from the impure, filthy, wicked, mischievous, accursed devil.'
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)So, rubbing with the hand is not obligatory in ghusl.
Required (Wajib)Ghusl for janaba (major impurity) is not valid except with intention.
Required (Wajib)Rinsing the mouth and nose are obligatory according to you (Hanbalis).
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever is not prayed over, their washing is not obligatory.
Required (Wajib)If ghusl was obligatory upon someone due to a reason preceding death, such as a woman purifying from menstruation or post-natal bleeding and then she is killed, she is like one in a state of janabah (and ghusl is required).
Permissible (Mubah)If one fears that some of his teeth might fall out, one should leave it.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is an honor (or virtuous act) for women.
Permissible (Mubah)If an old man embraces Islam and fears for himself from circumcision, it is dropped from him.
Required (Wajib)As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men.
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Neither of them can return it, except due to a defect or an option.
Permissible (Mubah)As for a detached increase, such as the offspring of an animal, the fruit of a tree, or the earnings of a slave, it does not prevent the return, as far as we know, without dispute.
Permissible (Mubah)If an increase in the object itself or through learning does not add anything to its value, or even diminishes it, then it does not prevent the return, because that is not a financial increase.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he had a debt and enough wealth to cover both (Zakat al-Fitr and the debt), both are paid in full.
Required (Wajib)And if his wealth is not enough for both, it is divided proportionally between the debt and the charity (Zakat). Ahmad explicitly stated this regarding Zakat on wealth, that the estate is divided between them, and similarly here.
Forbidden (Haram)The delaying of payment by a wealthy person is an injustice.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the extracted source is a spring, then its protected area is the amount its owner needs to benefit from it, and he is not harmed by taking from it, even up to a thousand cubits.
Permissible (Mubah)And the protected area of a river from its two sides is what is needed for dumping its dredged material (or earth for its banks) according to custom.
Required (Wajib)So, need should be observed in it, not anything else.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one says, "I enter into a musaqah contract with you for these two gardens, with half from this one and one-third from that one," the contract is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If one says, "with half from one of them and one-third from the other," the contract is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If one enters into a musaqah contract for a single garden, stipulating half for one distinct part and one-third for another distinct part, it is valid, provided the parts are distinguishable.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to use it (the shirt) as a rida' (upper garment).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to use it (the shirt) as an izar (waist-wrapper).
Required (Wajib)The shirt should be worn according to the customary practice.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they agree that the debt is two thousand, and the pawner says: "I only pledged it for one of the two thousand," while the pledgee says: "Rather, I pledged it for both," then the word of the pawner is accepted along with his oath, because he denies the attachment of the pledgee's right to his slave for one of the two thousand, and the word of the denier is accepted.
Permissible (Mubah)If the pledgee says: "I dropped the compensation," or "I absolved from it," it is not dropped, because it is the property of the pledgor, and thus it is not dropped by someone other than its owner dropping it.
Permissible (Mubah)If both (the mortgagor and mortgagee) agree to move the livestock, it is also permissible, regardless of whether it is more beneficial for them or not, because the right belongs to both of them and does not go beyond them.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the endower appointed him while he was a transgressor, or appointed him while he was upright and he later became a transgressor, a trustworthy person must be joined with him to protect the waqf, and his authority is not removed.
Forbidden (Haram)If the compensation comes from the owner of the non-endowed property, it is not permissible, because it constitutes buying part of the endowment, and selling an endowment is not permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)The correct view, in my opinion, is that the father and others are equal in this matter; because it is a contract that can be issued by him or his agent, so it is permissible for him to handle both sides of it.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)The decrease (in value) is borne by the owner of the dye because it became absorbed into the garment, and he can claim it back from the usurper.
Required (Wajib)If it decreased due to the dyeing, the liability is on the usurper.
If its value decreased due to changes in market prices, he is not liable for it.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)When an agent sells for a specified price, ownership of that price is established for the principal.
Forbidden (Haram)If he says: "I appoint you as an agent for everything," or "for every small or large matter," or "for every transaction permissible for me," or "for everything I have the right to dispose of," it is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If the price is a debt (owed), both the agent and the principal have the right to demand its payment.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said in the narration of al-Athram: Selling it to someone else is more beloved to me.
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, there are aspects of usury (riba) that are not hidden, and among them is the Salam contract for an animal of a specific age.
Permissible (Mubah)As for what lacks measurement, weight, and taste, and its types differ, there is no riba in it.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is valid for a guarantor to guarantee another guarantor.
Required (Wajib)And the guarantee becomes binding.
Permissible (Mubah)Its guarantee is valid, and it is in reality a commitment to return the price or its equivalent if a defect appears in the sale or if it turns out to be rightfully claimed by another.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The ruling concerning a Mukatab (indentured slave) in what we mentioned is like the ruling concerning the guardian of an orphan, because he is permitted to dispose of what is in his possession for his own benefit.
Required (Wajib)If the (live-born) child dies after that, he must guarantee its value.
Forbidden (Haram)If an interdicted person emancipates a slave, his act of emancipation is not valid.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)He should take a collateral if he is able.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the endowment by a sick person) is from one-third of the wealth, it is permissible without the heirs' consent and becomes binding.
Required (Wajib)Abu al-Khattab said: The [formerly minor] individual does not have the right to cancel the lease because it is a binding contract, entered into by the right of guardianship, and thus it is not nullified by reaching puberty, just as if he had sold his house or married him off.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he (the second party) knew the situation, he (the first party) can claim from him.
Required (Wajib)As for what is lost due to his transgression, he is liable for it without disagreement.
Required (Wajib)If he made a mistake and extracted a tooth other than the one he was instructed to extract, he is liable for it.
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Building a public bathhouse, selling it, buying it, or leasing it, is disliked (makruh) according to Abu Abdullah (Imam Ahmad).
Permissible (Mubah)As for buying for them (Bedouins), it is valid according to Ahmad, and it is the saying of al-Hasan.
Discouraged (Makruh)And it is disliked to hire oneself out for it (cupping).
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)The offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) are only conditioned (required) in general cases where there is no established custom between the giver and receiver.
Required (Wajib)The location of breastfeeding must be specified.
Permissible (Mubah)However, with contextual clues and indications, there is no reason to restrict (the contract/transfer) to verbal expression.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And to this (i.e., invalidity) went Al-Shafi'i; because the compensation is unknown, as the fruit is unknown and its portion is unknown, and one of the conditions for settlement is knowledge of the compensation.
Permissible (Mubah)If he is able to seize it, the reconciliation becomes firm.
Permissible (Mubah)They have the choice between cutting what is shaded or eating its fruit.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to replace the specific animal in a grazing contract.
Permissible (Mubah)The lease is terminated upon the death of the wet nurse due to the loss of benefit with the destruction of its subject.
Forbidden (Haram)If the deviation (excess or deficiency) significantly affects the intended quality of the garment, the weaver receives no wage under any circumstances and is liable for the deficiency in the yarn.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)One begins by selling the offending slave (from the insolvent's assets), and pays the victim the lesser of its price or the compensation for the offense.
Required (Wajib)If any part of the mortgagee's debt remains, he shares in it with the other creditors.
Required (Wajib)Whatever remains from the sale of the offending slave is returned to the creditors.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)If he returns it to the place from which he took it, or to the owner's property, he is not absolved from its compensation.
Permissible (Mubah)As for the offspring of a borrowed item, its compensation is not obligatory, according to one of the two views.
Required (Wajib)And it is compensated according to the other view.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And he (the Prophet) forbade us (women) from following funerals.
Recommended (Sunnah)The Sunnah is to make a niche (lahd) for the grave of the deceased.
Discouraged (Makruh)And the shroud should not be torn.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)If you are with your sheep or in your desert, and you call the adhan for prayer, then raise your voice with the call; for no jinn, human, or anything hears the voice of the caller to prayer but will bear witness for him on the Day of Judgment.
Permissible (Mubah)If he gives adhan for himself or for a specific group of people present, it is permissible for him to whisper and vocalize, or to whisper part of it and vocalize part of it.
Discouraged (Makruh)He should not vocalize part of the adhan and whisper part of it, lest the purpose of the adhan, which is to inform, be missed.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If a disbeliever dies among Muslims, they should not wash him, whether he was a relative to them or not.
Required (Wajib)If a part of the deceased is found after the main body has been buried, it should be washed, prayed over, and buried next to the grave, or by digging up part of the grave and burying it within.
Permissible (Mubah)And the guardian has the option to remove his (the martyr's) clothes and shroud him with other clothes.
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And when he exits, let him say: "O Allah, I ask You from Your bounty."
Preferred (Mustahabb)When one of you enters the mosque, let him say: "O Allah, open for me the gates of Your mercy."
Preferred (Mustahabb)When he enters the mosque, he should put forward his right foot.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one recites a verse of prostration in prayer at the end of a surah, then he may either bow (ruku') or prostrate (sujud) and then stand up and bow. This is explicitly stated.
Required (Wajib)And it is that he says: 'Allah is the Greatest, Allah is the Greatest, there is no god but Allah, and Allah is the Greatest, and to Allah belongs all praise.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you finish reciting 'Qul A'oodhu birabbinnas' (Surah An-Nas), raise your hands in supplication before bowing.
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Visiting the sick is recommended.
Permissible (Mubah)The Prophet (PBUH) permitted Ubayy to eat the food of the one he was teaching, if it was his food and the food of his family.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to take compensation for it (an act of worship), neither with nor without a condition, like prayer and fasting.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If one recites the entire Quran in three days, it is good.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Beautify the Quran with your voices.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to travel with the Mushaf to enemy territory (Dar al-Harb) because Ibn Umar narrated that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: "Do not travel with the Quran to the land of the enemy, for fear that it might fall into their hands."
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)One should not take stones or soil from Makkah out to the non-sacred area (Hill), and taking them out is more severe.
Discouraged (Makruh)Nor should one bring (soil) into it (the Haram) from the non-sacred area (Hill).
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not take any soil out of the Sacred Precinct (Haram).
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)(Regarding a matter whose origin is unknown, such as a man whose wealth is mixed with halal and haram, this is a doubtful matter) which it is better to leave.
Forbidden (Haram)His master does not have the right to prevent him (the mukatab slave) from an obligatory act nor a voluntary one.
Permissible (Mubah)There has been no consensus on the obligation of a voluntary act (nafilah) once it is started, except for Hajj and Umrah.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And the one who made the settlement (or is the lease holder) has the right to utilize his benefit during the period.
Required (Wajib)Our companions said: It should be spent on four categories: his relatives who are not heirs, the poor, jihad, and Hajj. Abu al-Khattab said: And from him (Ahmad) there is an opinion that ransoming captives can replace Hajj.
Required (Wajib)If he breaks his oath, or reverts in his zihar, or an expiation is incumbent upon him due to killing or intercourse during a Ramadan day, he must expiate by fasting for that.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A man may travel with his grandfather's umm walad (mother of his child).
Permissible (Mubah)If he is her foster brother, she may travel with him.
Discouraged (Makruh)Al-Hasan and Ibn Sirin disliked speaking on Eid day while the Imam is delivering the sermon.
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Required (Wajib)And his jaw should be tied, so that his jaw does not slacken.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended that the gentlest of his family, the most knowledgeable of their care, and the most God-fearing should attend to the sick person.
Required (Wajib)When death is certain, he should be faced towards the Qibla.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: Less than three garments are not sufficient for shrouding for one who is able to afford them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said: A boy should be shrouded in a single piece of cloth.
Permissible (Mubah)And if a boy is shrouded in three garments, there is no harm.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)He prohibited the 'fast of silence'.
Forbidden (Haram)And if he wishes to perform it (such an act), he is not allowed to do so, whether he vowed it or not.
Forbidden (Haram)'There is no silence from day until night.'
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The grave should be raised about a handspan above the ground.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise it with more than its own soil.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to bury in a coffin.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)Allah urged His believing servants to go forth to gain understanding in religion, saying – and He is the most truthful of speakers: "Why then does not a party from every group among them go forth to gain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware?"
Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
Required (Wajib)He is killed for his disbelief like an apostate, so he is not washed, nor shrouded, nor buried among Muslims, nor does anyone inherit from him, nor does he inherit from anyone.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a trustworthy informant informs someone of the sighting of the crescent, fasting becomes obligatory for them.
Required (Wajib)The implication of this is that it is obligatory for him to accept the news, even if the judge rejects it.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a judge rules based on the sighting [of the crescent] by the testimony of one witness, it is permissible.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if he (the Mukaatab) pays (his freedom price) and a nisab for zakat remains in his possession, he (the now free person) restarts a new year for it.
Permissible (Mubah)I do not know of any disagreement among the scholars that there is no zakat upon a Mukaatab, nor upon his master for his (the Mukaatab's) wealth.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to accelerate Zakat before owning the nisab (minimum taxable amount of wealth).
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)However, if the owner of the wealth volunteers to give the good quality (produce), it is permissible, and he will have the reward for the excellence, as we mentioned regarding the excellence in livestock.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to give out the poor quality (produce) as Zakat, due to the Almighty's saying: 'And do not aim for the bad (produce) from it to spend.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)This is more appropriate, because the poor are like partners, so they should be equal in every type of it, and there is no difficulty in that.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Nor (should he give from it) to anyone who is prohibited from taking Zakat al-Mal.
Forbidden (Haram)He should not give from it (Zakat al-Fitr) to a rich person.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to give from it (Zakat al-Fitr) to his relatives who are eligible to receive from Zakat al-Mal.
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is sufficient for the people of the desert to give dried yogurt (aqt) for Zakat al-Fitr if it is their staple food.
Permissible (Mubah)One opinion is that it is not obligatory for a person to give Zakat al-Fitr if they only possess part of a Sa', because it is a purification and thus not obligatory for one who does not possess the entirety of it. Ibn Aqeel chose this view.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, Zakat al-Fitr is not obligatory for the one whose maintenance is stipulated for him (i.e., the wife whose maintenance is provided by her husband).
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)Pasturing (sā'imah) is a condition for the obligation of Zakat.
There is no Zakat on him, because its owner did not consent to its pasturing, so Zakat is not obligatory on him due to the usurper's action.
If it was pasturing with its owner but fed by the usurper, then there is no Zakat on it.
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Indeed, consensus has been established that if a person intends to give a specific amount in charity, and begins to give it, having given some of it, he is not obligated to give the rest.
Forbidden (Haram)The explicit statement from Ahmad is that it is not permissible for the agent to take anything from the charity he is appointed to distribute, even if he is poor and the charity is for the poor.
Permissible (Mubah)Everyone for whom obligatory charity is forbidden, such as the rich, the giver's relatives, and non-believers, it is permissible to give them voluntary charity, and for them to take it.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of Zakat on minerals is a quarter of a tenth (2.5%), and it is described as Zakat. This is the saying of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and Malik.
Required (Wajib)Abu Hanifa said, in one of the narrations from him: Zakat is due on all malleable metals, such as lead, iron, and copper, but not on others.
Permissible (Mubah)Malik and Shafi'i said: Zakat is not due except on gold and silver.
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)His offspring should not be enslaved.
Required (Wajib)[If the Imam gains control over him but not his wealth], he should be called to pay Zakat.
Required (Wajib)He should be given three opportunities to repent.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if one finds it in this land on its surface, or in an untrodden path, or a ruined village, then it is likewise in ruling (meaning khums is due).
Required (Wajib)Al-Zuhri, Al-Shafi'i, Abu Hanifa and his companions, Abu Thawr, Ibn al-Mundhir, and others made the khums (one-fifth) obligatory on all (rukaz).
The buried treasure (rukaz) to which the obligation of khums (one-fifth) applies is that which was buried during the period of Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic era).
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)(According to Ibn Hamid) It is permissible as long as it does not reach one thousand mithqal; if it reaches that, it becomes forbidden, and Zakat is due on it.
Required (Wajib)If the breakage prevents its use, then Al-Qadi said: In my opinion, Zakat is due on it.
Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.
Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.