concept

Slavery

عُبُودِيَّةٌ

Slavery (عُبُودِيَّةٌ) refers to the historical and social reality of one human being being owned and controlled by another, a state tragically depicted in the Quran, such as with the [enslavement of the Children of Israel by Pharaoh]. At the advent of Islam, slavery was a pervasive institution globally. However, the Quran and Prophetic teachings introduced profound reforms aimed at its ultimate eradication and the upliftment of human dignity. Islam did not instantly abolish slavery but systematically introduced measures that restricted its sources, encouraged manumission, and improved the treatment of enslaved individuals. Freeing a slave is presented as a highly meritorious act, even a core component of [true righteousness]. It also serves as an act of expiation for certain sins, such as [unintentional killing] or [breaking an oath], underscoring its profound spiritual significance and the value placed on human freedom. These rulings reflect Islam's commitment to gradually dismantle the practice, recognizing the inherent worth of every individual and striving for justice and compassion within society.

Quran 12 verses

لَّيْسَ ٱلْبِرَّ أَن تُوَلُّوا۟ وُجُوهَكُمْ قِبَلَ ٱلْمَشْرِقِ وَٱلْمَغْرِبِ وَلَٰكِنَّ ٱلْبِرَّ مَنْ ءَامَنَ بِٱللَّهِ وَٱلْيَوْمِ ٱلْـَٔاخِرِ وَٱلْمَلَٰٓئِكَةِ وَٱلْكِتَٰبِ وَٱلنَّبِيِّـۧنَ وَءَاتَى ٱلْمَالَ عَلَىٰ حُبِّهِۦ ذَوِى ٱلْقُرْبَىٰ وَٱلْيَتَٰمَىٰ وَٱلْمَسَٰكِينَ وَٱبْنَ ٱلسَّبِيلِ وَٱلسَّآئِلِينَ وَفِى ٱلرِّقَابِ وَأَقَامَ ٱلصَّلَوٰةَ وَءَاتَى ٱلزَّكَوٰةَ وَٱلْمُوفُونَ بِعَهْدِهِمْ إِذَا عَٰهَدُوا۟ وَٱلصَّٰبِرِينَ فِى ٱلْبَأْسَآءِ وَٱلضَّرَّآءِ وَحِينَ ٱلْبَأْسِ أُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ ٱلَّذِينَ صَدَقُوا۟ وَأُو۟لَٰٓئِكَ هُمُ ٱلْمُتَّقُونَ

Laisal birra an tuwalloo wujoohakum qibalal mashriqi walmaghribi wa laakinnal birra man aamana billaahi wal yawmil aakhiri wal malaaa 'ikati wal kitaabi wan nabiyyeena wa aatalmaala 'alaa hubbihee zawilqurbaa walyataa maa walmasaakeena wabnas sabeeli wassaaa'ileena wa firriqaabi wa aqaamas salaata wa aataz zakaata walmoofoona bi ahdihim izaa 'aahadoo wasaabireena fil baasaaa'i waddarraaa'i wa heenal baas; ulaaa'ikal lazeena sadaqoo wa ulaaa 'ika humul muttaqoon

Righteousness is not that you turn your faces toward the east or the west, but [true] righteousness is [in] one who believes in Allah, the Last Day, the angels, the Book, and the prophets and gives wealth, in spite of love for it, to relatives, orphans, the needy, the traveler, those who ask [for help], and for freeing slaves; [and who] establishes prayer and gives zakah; [those who] fulfill their promise when they promise; and [those who] are patient in poverty and hardship and during battle. Those are the ones who have been true, and it is those who are the righteous.

نیکی یہی نہیں کہ تم مشرق یا مغرب کو (قبلہ سمجھ کر ان) کی طرف منہ کرلو بلکہ نیکی یہ ہے کہ لوگ خدا پر اور روز آخرت پر اور فرشتوں پر اور (خدا کی) کتاب پر اور پیغمبروں پر ایمان لائیں۔ اور مال باوجود عزیز رکھنے کے رشتہ داروں اور یتیموں اور محتاجوں اور مسافروں اور مانگنے والوں کو دیں اور گردنوں (کے چھڑانے) میں (خرچ کریں) اور نماز پڑھیں اور زکوٰة دیں۔ اور جب عہد کرلیں تو اس کو پورا کریں۔ اور سختی اور تکلیف میں اور (معرکہ) کارزار کے وقت ثابت قدم رہیں۔ یہی لوگ ہیں جو (ایمان میں) سچے ہیں اور یہی ہیں جو (خدا سے) ڈرنے والے ہیں

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: From the beginning to this point, the Sarah al-Baqarah is reaching its half-way mark. Until now, the message was addressed mostly to its deniers since the truth of the Holy Qur'an was the first thing to be established. In that context, mention was made of those who accepted it and those who rejected...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: It is not piety that you turn your faces in prayer to the East and to the West. This was revealed in response to the claim made by the Jews and the Christians to this effect. True piety that is the pious person al-birr is also read al-barr in the sense of al-bārr ‘the dutiful person’ is that of the ...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Al-Birr (Piety, Righteousness) This Ayah contains many great wisdoms, encompassing rulings and correct beliefs. As for the explanation of this Ayah, Allah first commanded the believers to face Bayt Al-Maqdis, and then to face the Ka`bah during the prayer. This change was difficult for some of the Pe...

يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلْقِصَاصُ فِى ٱلْقَتْلَى ٱلْحُرُّ بِٱلْحُرِّ وَٱلْعَبْدُ بِٱلْعَبْدِ وَٱلْأُنثَىٰ بِٱلْأُنثَىٰ فَمَنْ عُفِىَ لَهُۥ مِنْ أَخِيهِ شَىْءٌ فَٱتِّبَاعٌۢ بِٱلْمَعْرُوفِ وَأَدَآءٌ إِلَيْهِ بِإِحْسَٰنٍ ذَٰلِكَ تَخْفِيفٌ مِّن رَّبِّكُمْ وَرَحْمَةٌ فَمَنِ ٱعْتَدَىٰ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ فَلَهُۥ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ

Yaaa ayyuhal lazeena aamanoo kutiba alaikumul qisaasu fil qatlaa alhurru bilhurri wal'abdu bil'abdi wal unsaa bil unsaa; faman 'ufiya lahoo min akheehi shai'un fattibaa'um bilma'roofi wa adaaa'un ilaihi bi ihsaan; zaalika takhfeefum mir rahbikum wa rahmah; famani' tadaa ba'da zaalika falahoo 'azaabun aleem

O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution for those murdered - the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female. But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy. But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment.

مومنو! تم کو مقتولوں کے بارےمیں قصاص (یعنی خون کے بدلے خون) کا حکم دیا جاتا ہے (اس طرح پر کہ) آزاد کے بدلے آزاد (مارا جائے) اور غلام کے بدلے غلام اور عورت کے بدلے عورت اور قاتل کو اس کے (مقتول) بھائی (کے قصاص میں) سے کچھ معاف کردیا جائے تو (وارث مقتول) کو پسندیدہ طریق سے (قرار داد کی) پیروی (یعنی مطالبہٴ خون بہا) کرنا اور (قاتل کو) خوش خوئی کے ساتھ ادا کرنا چاہیئے یہ پروردگار کی طرف سے تمہارے لئے آسانی اور مہربانی ہے جو اس کے بعد زیادتی کرے اس کے لئے دکھ کا عذاب ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: From the brief introduction to the nature of righteousness appearing in verses before this, the text now enters into the description of related subsidiary injunctions. Under the first injunction in this connection, the verse prescribes the law of Qisas (even retaliation), that is, the killer will be...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: O you who believe prescribed made obligatory for you is retaliation on equal terms regarding the slain both in the attributes of the one slain and in the action involved; a free man is killed for a free man and not for a slave; and a slave for a slave and a female for a female. The Sunna makes it cl...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Command and the Wisdom behind the Law of Equality Allah states: O believers! The Law of equality has been ordained on you (for cases of murder), the free for the free, the slave for the slave and the female for the female. Therefore, do not transgress the set limits, as others before you transgr...

وَمَا كَانَ لِمُؤْمِنٍ أَن يَقْتُلَ مُؤْمِنًا إِلَّا خَطَـًٔا وَمَن قَتَلَ مُؤْمِنًا خَطَـًٔا فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ وَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰٓ أَهْلِهِۦٓ إِلَّآ أَن يَصَّدَّقُوا۟ فَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍ عَدُوٍّ لَّكُمْ وَهُوَ مُؤْمِنٌ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ وَإِن كَانَ مِن قَوْمٍۭ بَيْنَكُمْ وَبَيْنَهُم مِّيثَٰقٌ فَدِيَةٌ مُّسَلَّمَةٌ إِلَىٰٓ أَهْلِهِۦ وَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مُّؤْمِنَةٍ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ شَهْرَيْنِ مُتَتَابِعَيْنِ تَوْبَةً مِّنَ ٱللَّهِ وَكَانَ ٱللَّهُ عَلِيمًا حَكِيمًا

Wa maa kaana limu'minin ai yaqtula mu'minan illaa khata'aa; waman qatala mu'minan khata'an fatabreeru raqabatim mu'minatinw wa diyatum mmusallamatun ilaaa ahliheee illaaa ai yassaddaqoo; fa in kaana min qawmin 'aduwwil lakum wa huwa mu'minun fatabreeru raqabatim mu'minah; wa in kaana min qawmim bainakum wa bainahum meesaaqun fadiyatum mmusallamatun ilaaa ahlihee wa tahreeru raqabatim mu'minatin famal lam yajid fa Siyaamu shahraini mutataabi'aini tawhatam minal laah; wa kaanal laahu 'Aleeman hakeemaa

And never is it for a believer to kill a believer except by mistake. And whoever kills a believer by mistake - then the freeing of a believing slave and a compensation payment presented to the deceased's family [is required] unless they give [up their right as] charity. But if the deceased was from a people at war with you and he was a believer - then [only] the freeing of a believing slave; and if he was from a people with whom you have a treaty - then a compensation payment presented to his family and the freeing of a believing slave. And whoever does not find [one or cannot afford to buy one] - then [instead], a fast for two months consecutively, [seeking] acceptance of repentance from Allah. And Allah is ever Knowing and Wise.

اور کسی مومن کو شایان نہیں کہ مومن کو مار ڈالے مگر بھول کر اور جو بھول کر بھی مومن کو مار ڈالے تو (ایک تو) ایک مسلمان غلام آزاد کردے اور (دوسرے) مقتول کے وارثوں کو خون بہا دے ہاں اگر وہ معاف کردیں (تو ان کو اختیار ہے) اگر مقتول تمہارے دشمنوں کی جماعت میں سے ہو اور وہ خود مومن ہو تو صرف ایک مسلمان غلام آزاد کرنا چاہیئے اور اگر مقتول ایسے لوگوں میں سے ہو جن میں اور تم میں صلح کا عہد ہو تو وارثان مقتول کو خون بہا دینا اور ایک مسلمان غلام آزاد کرنا چاہیئے اور جس کو یہ میسر نہ ہو وہ متواتر دو مہینے کے روزے رکھے یہ (کفارہ) خدا کی طرف سے (قبول) توبہ (کے لئے) ہے اور خدا (سب کچھ) جانتا اور بڑی حکمت والا ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Commentary Sequence of Verses Linked with earlier verses dealing with fighting and killing, all forms of killing, in the first instance, are eight in number because the person killed is covered by one of the four conditions which follow. Either, he is a Muslim; or, he is a Dhimmi (a free, protected,...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: It is not for a believer to slay a believer in other words no such slaying should result at his hands except by mistake killing him by mistake unintentionally. He who slays a believer by mistake when he meant to strike some other thing as in the case of hunting or shooting at trees but then happens ...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Ruling Concerning Killing a Believer by Mistake Allah states that the believer is not allowed to kill his believing brother under any circumstances. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Ibn Mas`ud said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said, «لَا يَحِلُّ دَمُ امْرِىءٍ مُسْلِمٍ يَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِ...

لَا يُؤَاخِذُكُمُ ٱللَّهُ بِٱللَّغْوِ فِىٓ أَيْمَٰنِكُمْ وَلَٰكِن يُؤَاخِذُكُم بِمَا عَقَّدتُّمُ ٱلْأَيْمَٰنَ فَكَفَّٰرَتُهُۥٓ إِطْعَامُ عَشَرَةِ مَسَٰكِينَ مِنْ أَوْسَطِ مَا تُطْعِمُونَ أَهْلِيكُمْ أَوْ كِسْوَتُهُمْ أَوْ تَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ فَمَن لَّمْ يَجِدْ فَصِيَامُ ثَلَٰثَةِ أَيَّامٍ ذَٰلِكَ كَفَّٰرَةُ أَيْمَٰنِكُمْ إِذَا حَلَفْتُمْ وَٱحْفَظُوٓا۟ أَيْمَٰنَكُمْ كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ ٱللَّهُ لَكُمْ ءَايَٰتِهِۦ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَشْكُرُونَ

Laa yu'aakhizukumul laahu billaghwi feee aimaanikum wa laakiny ya'aakhizukum bimaa 'aqqattumul aimaana fakaf faaratuhooo it'aamu 'asharati masaakeena min awsati maa tut'imoona ahleekum aw kiswatuhum aw tahreeru raqabatin famallam yajid fa Siyaamu salaasati aiyaam; zaalika kaffaaratu aimaanikum izaa halaftum; wahfazooo aimaanakum; kazaalika yubaiyinul laahu lakum Aayaatihee la'allakum tashkuroon

Allah will not impose blame upon you for what is meaningless in your oaths, but He will impose blame upon you for [breaking] what you intended of oaths. So its expiation is the feeding of ten needy people from the average of that which you feed your [own] families or clothing them or the freeing of a slave. But whoever cannot find [or afford it] - then a fast of three days [is required]. That is the expiation for oaths when you have sworn. But guard your oaths. Thus does Allah make clear to you His verses that you may be grateful.

خدا تمہاری بےارادہ قسموں پر تم سے مواخذہ نہیں کرے گا لیکن پختہ قسموں پر (جن کے خلاف کرو گے) مواخذہ کرے گا تو اس کا کفارہ دس محتاجوں کو اوسط درجے کا کھانا کھلانا ہے جو تم اپنے اہل وعیال کو کھلاتے ہو یا ان کو کپڑے دینا یا ایک غلام آزاد کرنا اور جس کو میسر نہ ہو وہ تین روزے رکھے یہ تمہاری قسموں کا کفارہ ہے جب تم قسم کھا لو (اور اسے توڑ دو) اور (تم کو) چاہئے کہ اپنی قسموں کی حفاظت کرو اس طرح خدا تمہارے (سمجھانے کے) لیے اپنی آیتیں کھول کھول کر بیان فرماتا ہے تاکہ تم شکر کرو

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Sequence of Verses Mentioned earlier was the taking of Halal things as unlawful. Since statements to this effect are sometimes sworn, therefore, the in-junction about taking of oaths follows in the present verse. Commentary Three Forms of Oaths and their Injunctions 1. Some forms in which oaths are ...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: God will not take you to task for a slip contained in your oaths which is what the tongue utters spontaneously without intending to swear an oath such as when one says ‘No by God’ or ‘Yes by God’; but He will take you to task for that to which you have pledged read ‘aqadtum ‘aqqadttum or ‘āqadttum o...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Unintentional Oaths We mentioned the subject of unintentional oaths in Surat Al-Baqarah, all praise and thanks are due to Allah, and so we do not need to repeat it here. We also mentioned that the Laghw in oaths refers to one's saying, "No by Allah," or, "Yes, by Allah," unintentionally. Expiation f...

وَٱللَّهُ فَضَّلَ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَىٰ بَعْضٍ فِى ٱلرِّزْقِ فَمَا ٱلَّذِينَ فُضِّلُوا۟ بِرَآدِّى رِزْقِهِمْ عَلَىٰ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَٰنُهُمْ فَهُمْ فِيهِ سَوَآءٌ أَفَبِنِعْمَةِ ٱللَّهِ يَجْحَدُونَ

Wallaahu faddala ba'dakum 'alaa ba'din fir rizq; famal lazeena fuddiloo biraaaddee rizqihim 'alaa maa malakat aimaanuhum fahum feehi sawaaa'; afabini'matil laahi yajhadoon

And Allah has favored some of you over others in provision. But those who were favored would not hand over their provision to those whom their right hands possess so they would be equal to them therein. Then is it the favor of Allah they reject?

اور خدا نے رزق (ودولت) میں بعض کو بعض پر فضیلت دی ہے تو جن لوگوں کو فضیلت دی ہے وہ اپنا رزق اپنے مملوکوں کو تو دے ڈالنے والے ہیں نہیں کہ سب اس میں برابر ہوجائیں۔ تو کیا یہ لوگ نعمت الہیٰ کے منکر ہیں

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Commentary In the previous verses, by referring to major manifestations of His knowledge and power and blessings which descend on human beings, Allah Ta` ala has the natural proof of His Oneness (Tauhid). By looking at it, even a person of ordinary commonsense would not accept that any created being...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And God has favoured some of you above others in respect of provision thus some of you are poor some are rich some owners others are owned. Now those who have been more favoured namely the masters would not hand over their provision to those slaves whom their right hands possess that is they would n...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): There is a Sign and a Blessing in Matters of People's Livelihood Allah explains to the idolators the ignorance and disbelief involved in their claim that Allah has partners while also admitting that these partners are His servants. In their Talbiyah for Hajj, they used to say, "Here I am, there are ...

ضَرَبَ ٱللَّهُ مَثَلًا عَبْدًا مَّمْلُوكًا لَّا يَقْدِرُ عَلَىٰ شَىْءٍ وَمَن رَّزَقْنَٰهُ مِنَّا رِزْقًا حَسَنًا فَهُوَ يُنفِقُ مِنْهُ سِرًّا وَجَهْرًا هَلْ يَسْتَوُۥنَ ٱلْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ

Darabal laahu masalan 'abdam mammlookal laa yaqdiru 'alaa shai'inw wa marrazaqnaahu mminnaa rizqan hasanan fahuwa yunfiqu minhu sirranw wa jahra; hal yasta-woon; alhamdu lillaah; bal aksaruhum laa ya'lamoon

Allah presents an example: a slave [who is] owned and unable to do a thing and he to whom We have provided from Us good provision, so he spends from it secretly and publicly. Can they be equal? Praise to Allah! But most of them do not know.

خدا ایک اور مثال بیان فرماتا ہے کہ ایک غلام ہے جو (بالکل) دوسرے کے اختیار میں ہے اور کسی چیز پر قدرت نہیں رکھتا اور ایک ایسا شخص ہے جس کو ہم نے اپنے ہاں سے (بہت سا) مال طیب عطا فرمایا ہے اور وہ اس میں سے (رات دن) پوشیدہ اور ظاہر خرچ کرتا رہتا ہے تو کیا یہ دونوں شخص برابر ہیں؟ (ہرگز نہیں) الحمدلله لیکن ان میں سے اکثر لوگ نہیں سمجھ رکھتے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: In the first of the two examples given in the last two verses, the description is that of a master and a slave, that is, the owner and the owned. By giving this example, it is being said: When these two, despite being from the same genus and the same kind, cannot be equal to each other, how then cou...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: God strikes a similitude mathalan this is substituted by the following ‘abdan mamlūkan a slave who is a chattel mamlūkan an adjective to distinguish him this type of slave from a free man who is the servant of God alone having no power over anything since he has no mastery and one on whom man is an ...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Example of the Believer and the Disbeliever, or the Idol and the True God Al-`Awfi reported that Ibn `Abbas said: "This is the example which Allah gives of the disbeliever and the believer." This was also the view of Qatadah and Ibn Jarir. The servant who has no power over anything is like the d...

وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَٰتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَٰرِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَىٰ جُيُوبِهِنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا لِبُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ ءَابَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَآءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ إِخْوَٰنِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِىٓ أَخَوَٰتِهِنَّ أَوْ نِسَآئِهِنَّ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَٰنُهُنَّ أَوِ ٱلتَّٰبِعِينَ غَيْرِ أُو۟لِى ٱلْإِرْبَةِ مِنَ ٱلرِّجَالِ أَوِ ٱلطِّفْلِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا۟ عَلَىٰ عَوْرَٰتِ ٱلنِّسَآءِ وَلَا يَضْرِبْنَ بِأَرْجُلِهِنَّ لِيُعْلَمَ مَا يُخْفِينَ مِن زِينَتِهِنَّ وَتُوبُوٓا۟ إِلَى ٱللَّهِ جَمِيعًا أَيُّهَ ٱلْمُؤْمِنُونَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ

Wa qul lilmu'minaati yaghdudna min absaarihinna wa yahfazna furoojahunna wa laa yubdeena zeenatahunna illaa maa zahara minhaa walyadribna bikhumurihinna 'alaa juyoobihinna wa laa yubdeena zeenatahunna illaa libu'oolatihinna aw aabaaa'i hinna aw aabaaa'i bu'oolati hinna aw abnaaa'ihinaa aw abnaaa'i bu'oolatihinnna aw ikhwaanihinnna aw baneee ikhwaanihinna aw banee akhawaatihinna aw nisaaa'i hinna aw maa malakat aimaanuhunna awit taabi'eena ghairi ilil irbati minar rijaali awit tiflillazeena lam yazharoo 'alaa 'awraatin nisaaa'i wala yadribnna bi arjulihinna min zeenatihinn; wa toobooo ilallaahi jammee'an aiyuhal mu'minoona la'allakum tuflihoon

And tell the believing women to reduce [some] of their vision and guard their private parts and not expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof and to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their chests and not expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their women, that which their right hands possess, or those male attendants having no physical desire, or children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of women. And let them not stamp their feet to make known what they conceal of their adornment. And turn to Allah in repentance, all of you, O believers, that you might succeed.

اور مومن عورتوں سے بھی کہہ دو کہ وہ بھی اپنی نگاہیں نیچی رکھا کریں اور اپنی شرم گاہوں کی حفاظت کیا کریں اور اپنی آرائش (یعنی زیور کے مقامات) کو ظاہر نہ ہونے دیا کریں مگر جو ان میں سے کھلا رہتا ہو۔ اور اپنے سینوں پر اوڑھنیاں اوڑھے رہا کریں اور اپنے خاوند اور باپ اور خسر اور بیٹیوں اور خاوند کے بیٹوں اور بھائیوں اور بھتیجیوں اور بھانجوں اور اپنی (ہی قسم کی) عورتوں اور لونڈی غلاموں کے سوا نیز ان خدام کے جو عورتوں کی خواہش نہ رکھیں یا ایسے لڑکوں کے جو عورتوں کے پردے کی چیزوں سے واقف نہ ہوں (غرض ان لوگوں کے سوا) کسی پر اپنی زینت (اور سنگار کے مقامات) کو ظاہر نہ ہونے دیں۔ اور اپنے پاؤں (ایسے طور سے زمین پر) نہ ماریں (کہ جھنکار کانوں میں پہنچے اور) ان کا پوشیدہ زیور معلوم ہوجائے۔ اور مومنو! سب خدا کے آگے توبہ کرو تاکہ فلاح پاؤ

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Looking at non-Mahram is forbidden وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِ‌هِنَّ And say to the believing women that they must lower their gazes - 24:31. In the initial part of this long verse the injunction is the same which has been enjoined on men-folk in the preceding verse, that is, ke...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And tell believing women to lower their gaze away from what is not lawful for them to look at and to guard their private parts from what is not lawful for them to do with them and not to display their adornment except for what is apparent namely the face and the hands which may be seen by a stranger...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Rulings of Hijab This is a command from Allah to the believing women, and jealousy on His part over the wives of His believing servants. It is also to distinguish the believing women from the women of the Jahiliyyah and the deeds of the pagan women. The reason for the revelation of this Ayah was...

وَأَنكِحُوا۟ ٱلْأَيَٰمَىٰ مِنكُمْ وَٱلصَّٰلِحِينَ مِنْ عِبَادِكُمْ وَإِمَآئِكُمْ إِن يَكُونُوا۟ فُقَرَآءَ يُغْنِهِمُ ٱللَّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِۦ وَٱللَّهُ وَٰسِعٌ عَلِيمٌ

Wa ankihul ayaamaa minkum was saaliheena min 'ibaadikum wa imaa'kum; iny-yakoonoo fuqaraaa'a yughni himul laahu min fadlih; wal laahu Waasi'un 'Aleem

And marry the unmarried among you and the righteous among your male slaves and female slaves. If they should be poor, Allah will enrich them from His bounty, and Allah is all-Encompassing and Knowing.

اور اپنی قوم کی بیوہ عورتوں کے نکاح کردیا کرو۔ اور اپنے غلاموں اور لونڈیوں کے بھی جو نیک ہوں (نکاح کردیا کرو) اگر وہ مفلس ہوں گے تو خدا ان کو اپنے فضل سے خوش حال کردے گا۔ اور خدا (بہت) وسعت والا اور (سب کچھ) جاننے والا ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Commentary Some injunctions regarding marriage It has been pointed out earlier that Surah an-Nur contains mostly the injunctions relating to protection of chastity and continence, and prevention of obscenity and shamelessness. In this connection severe punishments against adultery and related matter...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And marry off the spouseless among you ayāmā is the plural form of ayyim namely a spouseless female whether she be a virgin or one previously married or a spouseless male this stipulation relates to free men and free women and the righteous ones the believers among your male slaves and your female s...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Command to marry These clear Ayat include a group of unambiguous rulings and firm commands. وَأَنْكِحُواْ الأَيَـمَى مِنْكُمْ (And marry those among you who are single (Al-Ayama)....) This is a command to marry. The Prophet said: «يَا مَعْشَرَ الشَّبَابِ، مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ مِنْكُمُ الْبَاءَةَ فَلْ...

وَلْيَسْتَعْفِفِ ٱلَّذِينَ لَا يَجِدُونَ نِكَاحًا حَتَّىٰ يُغْنِيَهُمُ ٱللَّهُ مِن فَضْلِهِۦ وَٱلَّذِينَ يَبْتَغُونَ ٱلْكِتَٰبَ مِمَّا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَٰنُكُمْ فَكَاتِبُوهُمْ إِنْ عَلِمْتُمْ فِيهِمْ خَيْرًا وَءَاتُوهُم مِّن مَّالِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلَّذِىٓ ءَاتَىٰكُمْ وَلَا تُكْرِهُوا۟ فَتَيَٰتِكُمْ عَلَى ٱلْبِغَآءِ إِنْ أَرَدْنَ تَحَصُّنًا لِّتَبْتَغُوا۟ عَرَضَ ٱلْحَيَوٰةِ ٱلدُّنْيَا وَمَن يُكْرِههُّنَّ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ إِكْرَٰهِهِنَّ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ

Wal yasta'fifil lazeena laa yajidoona nikaahan hata yughniyahumul laahu mi fadlih; wallazeena yabtaghoonal kitaaba mimmaa malakat aimaanukum fakaatiboohum in 'alimtum feehim khairanw wa aatoohum mimmaalil laahil lazeee aataakum; wa laa tukrihoo fatayaatikum 'alal bighaaa'i in aradna tahassunal litabtaghoo 'aradal hayaatid dunyaa; wa mai yukrihhunna fa innal laaha mim ba'di ikraahihinna Ghafoor Raheem

But let them who find not [the means for] marriage abstain [from sexual relations] until Allah enriches them from His bounty. And those who seek a contract [for eventual emancipation] from among whom your right hands possess - then make a contract with them if you know there is within them goodness and give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you. And do not compel your slave girls to prostitution, if they desire chastity, to seek [thereby] the temporary interests of worldly life. And if someone should compel them, then indeed, Allah is [to them], after their compulsion, Forgiving and Merciful.

اور جن کو بیاہ کا مقدور نہ ہو وہ پاک دامنی کو اختیار کئے رہیں یہاں تک کہ خدا ان کو اپنے فضل سے غنی کردے۔ اور جو غلام تم سے مکاتبت چاہیں اگر تم ان میں (صلاحیت اور) نیکی پاؤ تو ان سے مکاتبت کرلو۔ اور خدا نے جو مال تم کو بخشا ہے اس میں سے ان کو بھی دو۔ اور اپنی لونڈیوں کو اگر وہ پاک دامن رہنا چاہیں تو (بےشرمی سے) دنیاوی زندگی کے فوائد حاصل کرنے کے لئے بدکاری پر مجبور نہ کرنا۔ اور جو ان کو مجبور کرے گا تو ان (بیچاریوں) کے مجبور کئے جانے کے بعد خدا بخشنے والا مہربان ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: Warning It is commented in Tafsir Mazhari that it should, however, be noted that Allah Ta’ ala's promise to grant riches to the one who will marry is only on the condition that his intention is to safeguard his chastity and to follow the sunnah. After that he should have trust and faith in Allah Ta’...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And let those who cannot find the means to marry be continent those who do not have the bridal money or the means for financial support needed for marriage let them restrain themselves from fornication until God enriches them until He improves their means out of His bounty and they marry. And those ...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Command to marry These clear Ayat include a group of unambiguous rulings and firm commands. وَأَنْكِحُواْ الأَيَـمَى مِنْكُمْ (And marry those among you who are single (Al-Ayama)....) This is a command to marry. The Prophet said: «يَا مَعْشَرَ الشَّبَابِ، مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ مِنْكُمُ الْبَاءَةَ فَلْ...

وَتِلْكَ نِعْمَةٌ تَمُنُّهَا عَلَىَّ أَنْ عَبَّدتَّ بَنِىٓ إِسْرَٰٓءِيلَ

Wa tilka ni'matun tamun nuhaa 'alaiya an 'abbatta Baneee Israaa'eel

And is this a favor of which you remind me - that you have enslaved the Children of Israel?"

اور (کیا) یہی احسان ہے جو آپ مجھ پر رکھتے ہیں کہ آپ نے بنی اسرائیل کو غلام بنا رکھا ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: أَنْ أَرْ‌سِلْ مَعَنَا بَنِي إِسْرَ‌ائِيلَ That you must send the children of Isra'i1 with us". (26:17) Bani Isra'il were the residents of Syria. They wanted to go back to their land but the Pharaoh would not let them. This way four hundred years had passed and they were living in his bondage like s...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: That is a favour with which you now reproach me that you have enslaved the Children of Israel’ an ‘abbadta banī Isrā’īl is explicative of tilka ‘that’ in other words you have enslaved them but not me there is no favour in that for your enslavement of them is wrong some scholars have reckoned there t...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Between Musa and Fir`awn Allah tells us what He commanded His servant, son of `Imran and Messenger Musa, peace be upon him, who spoke with Him, to do, when He called him from the right side of the mountain, and conversed with him, and chose him, sent him, and commanded him to go to Fir`awn and his p...

وَٱلَّذِينَ يُظَٰهِرُونَ مِن نِّسَآئِهِمْ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا قَالُوا۟ فَتَحْرِيرُ رَقَبَةٍ مِّن قَبْلِ أَن يَتَمَآسَّا ذَٰلِكُمْ تُوعَظُونَ بِهِۦ وَٱللَّهُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ

Wallazeena yuzaahiroona min nisaaa'ihim summa ya'oodoona limaa qaaloo fatabreeru raqabatim min qabli any-yatamaaassaa; zaalikum too'azoona bih; wallaahu bimaa ta'maloona khabeer

And those who pronounce thihar from their wives and then [wish to] go back on what they said - then [there must be] the freeing of a slave before they touch one another. That is what you are admonished thereby; and Allah is Acquainted with what you do.

اور جو لوگ اپنی بیویوں کو ماں کہہ بیٹھیں پھر اپنے قول سے رجوع کرلیں تو (ان کو) ہم بستر ہونے سے پہلے ایک غلام آزاد کرنا (ضروری) ہے۔ (مومنو) اس (حکم) سے تم کو نصیحت کی جاتی ہے۔ اور جو کچھ تم کرتے ہو خدا اس سے خبردار ہے

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: The Expiation for Zihar وَالَّذِينَ يُظَاهِرُ‌ونَ مِن نِّسَائِهِمْ ثُمَّ يَعُودُونَ لِمَا قَالُوا (And those who declare zihar against their wives, then retract what they said, ...58:3). The preposition lam in the phrase يَعُودُونَ لِمَا قَالُوا "...retract what they said..." is used in the sense of...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: And those who repudiate their wives by zihār and then go back on what they have said instead doing the opposite of this and retaining the woman divorced by zihār that which is contrary to the purpose of zihār in which a woman is characterised as being forbidden — then the penalty for them is the set...
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Az-Zihar and the Atonement for It Imam Ahmad recorded that Khuwaylah bint Tha`labah said, "By Allah! Allah sent down the beginning of Surat Al-Mujadilah in connection with me and `Aws bin As-Samit. He was my husband and had grown old and difficult. One day, he came to me and I argued with him about ...

فَكُّ رَقَبَةٍ

Fakku raqabah

It is the freeing of a slave

کسی (کی) گردن کا چھڑانا

Commentary

Ma'arif-ul-Quran: فَلَا اقْتَحَمَ الْعَقَبَةَ ﴿11﴾ وَمَا أَدْرَ‌اكَ مَا الْعَقَبَةُ ﴿12﴾ (Yet he did not make his way through the steep course. And what may let you know what the steep course is? ...90:11-12] ' The word 'aqabah means 'hill, high place or a steep road'. It also refers to a 'low area of land between tw...
Tafsir al-Jalalayn: the freeing of a slave from bondage
Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): The Encouragement to traverse upon the Path of Goodness Ibn Zayd said, فَلاَ اقتَحَمَ الْعَقَبَةَ (But he has not attempted to pass on the path that is steep.) "This means, will he not traverse upon the path which contains salvation and good Then He explains this path by his saying, وَمَآ أَدْرَاكَ ...

Hadith 1 tradition

Sahih Muslim 27:82sahih

حَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بْنُ حُجْرٍ السَّعْدِيُّ، وَأَبُو بَكْرِ بْنُ أَبِي شَيْبَةَ وَزُهَيْرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ قَالُوا حَدَّثَنَا إِسْمَاعِيلُ، - وَهُوَ ابْنُ عُلَيَّةَ - عَنْ أَيُّوبَ، عَنْ أَبِي قِلاَبَةَ، عَنْ أَبِي الْمُهَلَّبِ، عَنْ عِمْرَانَ، بْنِ حُصَيْنٍ ‏.‏ أَنَّ رَجُلاً، أَعْتَقَ سِتَّةَ مَمْلُوكِينَ لَهُ عِنْدَ مَوْتِهِ لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُ مَالٌ غَيْرُهُمْ فَدَعَا بِهِمْ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم فَجَزَّأَهُمْ أَثْلاَثًا ثُمَّ أَقْرَعَ بَيْنَهُمْ فَأَعْتَقَ اثْنَيْنِ وَأَرَقَّ أَرْبَعَةً وَقَالَ لَهُ قَوْلاً شَدِيدًا ‏.‏

Imran b. Husain reported that a person who had no other property emancipated six slaves of his at the time of his death. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) called for them and divided them into three sections, cast lots amongst them, and set two free and kept four in slavery; and he (the Holy Prophet) spoke severely of him

اسماعیل بن علیہ نے ایوب سے ، انہوں نے ابوقلابہ سے ، انہوں نے ابومہلب سے اور انہوں نے حضرت عمران بن حصین رضی اللہ عنہ سے روایت کی کہ ایک آدمی نے اپنی موت کے وقت اپنے چھ غلام آزاد کیے اور اس کے پاس ان کے سوا اور کوئی مال نہ تھا تو رسول اللہ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے انہیں بلوایا اور تین گروپوں میں تقسیم کیا ، پھر ان کے درمیان قرعہ ڈالا ، اس کے بعد دو کو آزاد کر دیا اور چار کو غلام ہی برقرار رکھا اور آپ نے اسے سرزنش کی

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