Maliki School
المذهب المالكي
Founded by Imam Malik ibn Anas (711-795 CE). Predominant in North and West Africa.
1,872 rulings across 112 topics in 13 categories
Dress & Adornment2 topics
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(26 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)One should apply perfume for the Friday prayer.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And if he uses his finger to clean his teeth, that is good.
Forbidden (Haram)Silver should not be used in bridles, saddles, knives, or other similar items.
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General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(22 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A single garment suffices for a man in prayer.
Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger (peace be upon him) forbade males from wearing silk.
Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger (peace be upon him) forbade males from wearing gold rings.
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Family Law12 topics
Inheritance
الميراث(108 rulings)Required (Wajib)And similarly, what remains for brothers and sisters is distributed such that the male receives twice the share of the female.
Forbidden (Haram)He (the stillborn who did not cry out) neither inherits nor is inherited from.
Required (Wajib)The inheritance of an apostate belongs to the Muslim community.
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Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(95 rulings)And if that (her conversion after his) is delayed, she is irrevocably separated from him.
Forbidden (Haram)Neither a father nor anyone else may marry off a previously married woman except with her consent, and she must give permission verbally.
Required (Wajib)Her permission (for a virgin being married by a non-father guardian after puberty) is her silence.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(44 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Whoever divorces his wife three times, she is not lawful for him, neither through ownership nor marriage, until she marries another husband.
Discouraged (Makruh)Issuing three divorces in a single utterance is an innovation (*bid'ah*).
Required (Wajib)and it is binding if it occurs.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(16 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The woman observing `iddah` due to the death of her husband must not approach any form of adornment, whether jewelry, kohl, or other things. She must avoid all dyes except black. She must avoid all perfume, not dye her hands with henna, not approach perfumed oils, and not comb her hair with anything that wraps around her head.
Required (Wajib)The `iddah` of an `umm al-walad` (a slave woman who has borne her master's child) upon her master's death is one menstrual cycle, and similarly if he frees her. If she has ceased menstruating, then it is three months.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no maintenance for any woman observing `iddah` due to death.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(11 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If they are under his custody, his statement regarding spending is accepted for what is reasonable.
Required (Wajib)For a divorced woman, the breastfeeding of her child is the father's responsibility.
Permissible (Mubah)A divorced woman may take wages for breastfeeding her child if she wishes.
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)Emancipation specifically takes precedence over wills.
Required (Wajib)And the 'mudabbar' declared during health takes precedence over it (meaning the neglected Zakat).
Required (Wajib)Indeed, that (referring to the 'mudabbar' made in health and neglected Zakat for which a will was made) is prioritized within the one-third of the estate over other general bequests.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)And it is incumbent upon the believer to seek forgiveness for his believing parents.
Required (Wajib)So, he must speak to them gently, associate with them kindly, and not obey them in disobedience, as Allah the Exalted has said.
Required (Wajib)That they (children) be commanded to pray at seven years old.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not appropriate for a woman to travel for a day and a night or more without a mahram from her, except for the obligatory Hajj specifically, according to Malik's view, within a safe company. If she has no mahram with her, then that is permissible for her in the case of obligatory Hajj.
Forbidden (Haram)A man must not be in seclusion with a woman who is not his mahram.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in a man seeing her (a non-mahram woman) for an excuse, such as testifying against her, or when proposing to her.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)And he is obliged to provide for his minor children who have no wealth: for males until they reach puberty and are not afflicted with chronic illness, and for females until they marry and their husbands consummate the marriage with them.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no maintenance obligation for any relatives other than these specified.
Required (Wajib)A man is only obliged to provide maintenance for his wife, whether she is rich or poor.
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one wishes to have intercourse with the other [sister], he must make the private parts of the first one forbidden to himself through sale, manumission contract (kitabah), emancipation, or similar acts that make her forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)For whoever fathers a child with his slave-girl, it is permissible for him to enjoy her during his lifetime.
Required (Wajib)And his child (from such intercourse) is a slave to the owner of the female slave.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked for a father to gift all of his wealth to only some of his children.
Permissible (Mubah)As for gifting a portion of his wealth, that is permissible.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Discouraged (Makruh)And he (peace be upon him) disliked bad names.
Fasting (Sawm)4 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(37 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And voluntary fasting is highly desired.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not fast on the two days following the Day of Sacrifice, except for the Mutamatti' pilgrim who cannot find a sacrificial animal.
Discouraged (Makruh)A person performing a voluntary fast should not fast on the fourth day.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)There is no I'tikaf except with fasting.
Required (Wajib)If a town has Jumu'ah prayer, i'tikaf should not be performed except in the main mosque.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The minimum duration of i'tikaf that is most beloved to us is ten days.
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(7 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If one doubts the dawn, then he should not eat.
Forbidden (Haram)The fasting person should not approach women with intercourse, direct contact, or a kiss for pleasure during the daytime in Ramadan.
Required (Wajib)Whoever breaks their fast during the day in Ramadan due to forgetfulness must only make up that fast.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(2 rulings)There is no expiation required for one who intentionally breaks a fast while making up for Ramadan.
Required (Wajib)And the feeding in all these cases is one mudd for each day one has to make up.
Food & Drink4 topics
Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(26 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And you should chew your food and soften it thoroughly before swallowing it.
Discouraged (Makruh)And similarly (it is disliked to wash hands) with bran.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to wash hands with food or anything from pulses.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(24 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So it is not lawful for you to eat except what is pure.
Permissible (Mubah)And there is no harm in eating predatory birds and any bird with talons.
Forbidden (Haram)An animal strangled by a rope or similar, one beaten to death by a stick or its like, one that falls from a height, one gored to death, or one partially eaten by a wild beast – if the injury in any of these ways reaches a degree with which it cannot survive – is not permissible to eat even if slaughtered.
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Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The slaughter of an animal in the womb is considered valid by the slaughter of its mother, provided its creation is complete and its hair has grown.
Discouraged (Makruh)Hunting for amusement is disliked.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever forgets the Tasmia (saying Bismillah) when slaughtering a sacrificial animal or anything else, its meat may be eaten.
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Animal Castration
خصاء الحيوانات(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in castrating sheep, due to the improvement it brings to their meat.
Forbidden (Haram)And the castration of horses is forbidden.
Hajj & Umrah4 topics
General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(49 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he wishes, he may hasten from Mina after two days of stoning and then depart.
Required (Wajib)And staying overnight at Muzdalifah is an obligatory sunnah.
Obligatory (Fard)And the standing at Arafah is an individual obligation.
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(18 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)If unable to kiss the Black Stone, one should place their hand on it, then place their hand on their mouth without kissing.
Recommended (Sunnah)One should kiss the Black Stone with their mouth if able.
Required (Wajib)Then one performs Tawaf around the Kaaba, keeping it to their left, for seven circuits.
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Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(15 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A woman may wear khuff (leather socks/boots) and (sewn) clothes during her Ihram.
Recommended (Sunnah)And ghusl (ritual bath) for Ihram is a sunnah.
Required (Wajib)Whoever kills game during Ihram must offer a recompense equivalent to what he killed from livestock, judged by two just Muslim jurists. The place for this recompense is Mina if he performed Wuquf at Arafat; otherwise, it is Mecca, and it must be brought from outside the Haram boundary. He has the choice between that (the equivalent livestock) or expiation by feeding the needy, which is to estimate the value of the game as food and give it in charity, or the equivalent in fasting, which is to fast one day for every Mudd of food, and a full day for any fraction of a Mudd.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(12 rulings)Required (Wajib)So, whoever performs Qiran or Tamattu' Hajj, and is not from the people of Mecca, must offer a sacrificial animal, slaughtering it in Mina if he performed Wuquf at Arafat. If he did not perform Wuquf at Arafat, then he should slaughter it in Mecca at Al-Marwa after bringing it from outside the Haram boundary.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Whoever misses slaughtering on the first day until noon, some scholars have said it is recommended for him to wait until the forenoon of the second day.
Forbidden (Haram)A broken horn, if it bleeds, is not permissible (for sacrifice or Hady).
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Judicial Matters11 topics
Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(79 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a group of individuals kill a man, they are all killed in retaliation for him.
Required (Wajib)And among the guardians seeking retribution, fifty men swear fifty oaths.
Required (Wajib)For intentional wounds, Qisas (retaliation) is applied, except for destructive injuries such as those reaching the brain (al-Ma'mūmah), reaching internal organs (al-Jā'ifah), displacing bone (al-Munnaqilah), or affecting the thigh, testicles, spine, and similar body parts; for all of these, blood money (Diyah) is due instead.
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Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(16 rulings)If he retracts his confession, he is pardoned from the amputation punishment, but must compensate for the stolen item if he still possesses it, otherwise he is held liable for it.
Whoever steals from a house into which he was given permission to enter is not subject to hand amputation.
This ruling also applies to someone stealing a shroud from a grave: their hand is not amputated until they remove the shroud from the grave.
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(14 rulings)There is no prescribed punishment (hadd) upon one who has not yet reached puberty.
Required (Wajib)If a free person is not muhsan (unmarried), they shall be flogged one hundred lashes, and the Imam shall exile them to another land and imprison them there for a year.
The one who has unlawful sexual intercourse with his son's slave woman shall not be given the prescribed punishment (hadd).
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Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(12 rulings)Required (Wajib)The individual subjected to flogging for a prescribed legal punishment (hadd) should be stripped of clothing.
Forbidden (Haram)A woman subjected to flogging should not be stripped of her clothing, except for what might protect her from the blows.
Required (Wajib)Both men and women are to be flogged while in a sitting position.
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Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(12 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And if he were to give the profit in charity, it would be more beloved to some of Malik's companions.
Forbidden (Haram)The profit from usurped money is not lawful for the usurper until he returns the principal amount to its owner.
Permissible (Mubah)If it changed in his possession, its owner has the choice between taking it with its defect or holding the usurper liable for its value.
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Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whoever says to a man, 'O sodomite,' is subjected to the prescribed legal punishment (hadd).
There is no prescribed legal punishment (hadd) for someone who slanders a slave or a disbeliever.
Required (Wajib)A disbeliever shall be punished with eighty lashes for false accusation (qadhf).
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)This (ruling of delaying for three days for repentance and killing if not repenting) also applies to women.
Required (Wajib)Whoever apostatizes is killed unless he repents, and he is delayed for three days for repentance.
Required (Wajib)And whoever from the People of the Book insults him (the Prophet) without committing what constitutes disbelief, or insults Allah Almighty without committing what constitutes disbelief, is killed unless he embraces Islam.
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And you must restrain your hand from what is not permissible for you, whether it be property, body, or blood.
Forbidden (Haram)And the blood of a Muslim is not permissible except if he disbelieves after his faith, or commits adultery after having been previously married, or kills a soul without just retribution, or causes corruption in the land, or apostates from the religion.
Forbidden (Haram)Allah the Almighty has forbidden the blood, wealth, and honor of Muslims, except by their rightful due.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a person who confessed to unlawful sexual intercourse (zina) retracts their confession, they shall be pardoned and left alone.
Required (Wajib)The confession of a slave concerning punishments that affect his physical body, such as flogging or amputation (hadd or qat'), is legally binding upon him.
However, regarding matters related to his servitude or monetary obligations (lit. 'what is on his neck'), his confession is not legally binding.
Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(2 rulings)There is no prescriptive acquisition (Hiyazah) between relatives and in-laws for such a period (i.e., ten years).
Permissible (Mubah)If someone possesses a house for ten years while its owner is present, aware, and makes no claim, the house is attributed to the possessor, and the original owner has no right to claim it.
Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A man may carry out the punishment for unlawful sexual intercourse (zina) on his male or female slave if pregnancy appears, or if evidence other than four witnesses is established, or if there was a confession.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if the female slave has a free husband or a slave husband belonging to someone else, only the ruler may carry out the punishment on her.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(52 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is allowed to offer expiation before breaking the oath or after it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever vows to walk to Medina or Jerusalem may go to them riding if he intended prayer in their mosques.
Permissible (Mubah)Otherwise (if he did not intend prayer in their mosques), nothing is due upon him concerning such a vow.
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Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(42 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)There is no pardon for a highway robber (muharib) if he is apprehended. If he has killed someone, he must be killed.
Permissible (Mubah)And it has been said that judgment is given based on one witness and an oath in cases of injuries.
Forbidden (Haram)Judgment is not given based on one witness and an oath in matters of marriage, divorce, or hudud punishments, nor in cases of intentional killing or homicide, except with qasamah (oaths by fifty men) in homicide cases.
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other15 topics
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(27 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a child or someone under guardianship to perform manumission.
Forbidden (Haram)He (the master) has no right to her service or her produce.
Required (Wajib)She (the Umm Walad) becomes free from his capital after his death.
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General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(24 rulings)Required (Wajib)And among the rights of a believer upon another believer are that he greets him when he meets him, visits him when he is sick, says 'Yarhamukallah' to him when he sneezes, attends his funeral when he dies, and protects him in private and public when he is absent.
Required (Wajib)And that no one from the Companions of the Messenger should be mentioned except with the best mention.
Discouraged (Makruh)Images (statues/figurines) are disliked on beds, domes, walls, and rings.
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Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(22 rulings)Required (Wajib)And geckos should be killed.
Discouraged (Makruh)And it is disliked to kill frogs.
Forbidden (Haram)One should not keep a dog in homes, whether in settled areas or desert homes, except for (guarding) crops or livestock that it accompanies in the desert and then returns with, or for hunting that one uses for livelihood, not for amusement.
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Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in racing horses, camels, and shooting arrows.
Forbidden (Haram)Nor listening to anything from entertainment instruments and singing.
Forbidden (Haram)Nor to enjoy listening to the speech of a woman not lawful for you.
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Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they specifically carry food to Mecca and Medina, half of a tenth (1/20) of its price is taken from them.
Forbidden (Haram)Jizya is not accepted from them if they are far from us, unless they relocate to our lands; otherwise, they must be fought.
Forbidden (Haram)Jizya is only accepted from them if they are in a place where our rulings can reach them.
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Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(5 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And cupping (hijamah) is good.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Female circumcision (khifadh) is an honorable deed for women.
Recommended (Sunnah)Circumcision for men is Sunnah.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)No harm shall be inflicted or reciprocated.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not look into the stars except for what is used to determine the Qibla and parts of the night, and everything else should be left.
Required (Wajib)And seeking forgiveness for them.
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Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)And you must use all other beneficial things that are pure.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And one should be careful with it (the impure substance).
Forbidden (Haram)And you may not ride except what is pure.
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Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)The process begins with the shroud, then debts, then the will, then inheritance.
Preferred (Mustahabb)As for burying a group in one grave, the most virtuous among them should be placed closest to the Qibla.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to bury a miscarried fetus in houses.
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)A tenth (of their goods) is taken from traders from warring states, unless they agree to more than that.
Forbidden (Haram)Their covenant must not be violated.
Required (Wajib)And guarding the frontiers of Muslims, fortifying them, and protecting them is an obligation borne by those who undertake it.
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)The executor appointed by an executor is like the original executor.
Permissible (Mubah)A man has the right to revoke his will, whether it pertains to emancipation or other matters.
Required (Wajib)If the one-third (of the estate) is insufficient, the beneficiaries of bequests for which no priority was specified shall share proportionally.
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is appropriate that a man should not prevent his neighbor from embedding his wood into his wall.
Forbidden (Haram)Therefore, one must not do anything that harms one's neighbor, such as opening a close window that exposes the neighbor, or opening a door directly opposite their door, or digging in a way that harms the neighbor, even if it is within one's own property.
Travel Rulings
أحكام السفر(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So, if a plague occurs in the land of a people, one should not enter it.
Forbidden (Haram)And whoever is in it should not leave it fleeing from it.
Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)And obedience to the leaders of the Muslims, including their rulers and scholars.
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)One should not prevent surplus water to prevent grazing.
Prayer (Salah)8 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(154 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)And he recites in the first and second rak'ahs, in each rak'ah, Umm al-Qur'an (Al-Fatiha) and a surah silently.
Recommended (Sunnah)Then you recite (Qur'an) as you recited in the first (rak'ah), or less than that.
Recommended (Sunnah)Except that you make Qunoot after bowing (Rukoo').
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Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(124 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then he should raise his head, saying, "Allah hears those who praise Him."
Required (Wajib)Then he should recite less than his first recitation.
Required (Wajib)Then he should bow for a duration similar to his second recitation.
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Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(26 rulings)Required (Wajib)For every oversight due to an omission, one should perform prostrations before the salam after completing the tashahhud, then recite the tashahhud and conclude with salam.
Required (Wajib)Whoever spoke forgetfully (during prayer) should prostrate after the salam.
Forbidden (Haram)Prostration of forgetfulness is not sufficient for omitting a rak'ah, nor a prostration, nor for abandoning recitation in the entire prayer or in two rak'ahs of it.
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Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)If someone experiences a nosebleed after the Imam has made the salam, they should make their own salam and then leave the prayer.
Permissible (Mubah)A person with a nosebleed is permitted to continue their prayer at home if they despair of catching the remainder of the Imam's prayer, except for the Friday prayer, for which they must only continue in the congregational mosque.
Required (Wajib)If someone experiences a nosebleed while praying with the Imam, they should leave the prayer, wash away the blood, and then resume their prayer, provided they have not spoken or walked on an impurity.
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Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)A person who fainted does not have to make up prayers whose time elapsed during their unconsciousness.
Required (Wajib)He must make up what he regained consciousness for within its time, provided he can perform at least one rak'ah or more of the prayers.
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to pray in camel resting places, the middle of the road, on the roof of the Sacred House of Allah (Kaaba), in a bathhouse where purity is not certain, in a landfill, a slaughterhouse, a cemetery of polytheists, and their churches.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not appropriate for one who has eaten raw leeks, garlic, or onions to enter the mosque.
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)And similarly, the two Eid prayers, the eclipse prayer, the prayer for rain, and the fear prayer are obligations.
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)except that she (the woman) should gather herself, not spread her thighs or her upper arms, and remain collected and drawn in during her sitting, prostration, and all her actions (in prayer).
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(42 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whoever remembers something from their ablution that is an obligatory part, if it was shortly after, they should repeat that part and what follows it.
Required (Wajib)Whoever is certain of having ablution (wudu) but doubts having broken it, should perform ablution.
Required (Wajib)As for wady, which is a thick white fluid that exits after urination, it necessitates what urine necessitates (i.e., wudu).
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Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if the deceased is a man and there is no man to wash him nor any mahram women with them, then women should perform tayammum for his face and hands up to the elbows.
Required (Wajib)And if one is unable to touch water due to harm or because they cannot find anyone to provide it to them, they should perform tayammum.
Required (Wajib)And if one cannot find anyone to provide them with earth, they should perform tayammum from a wall next to them if it is made of clay or has clay on it.
+ 15 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(16 rulings)Required (Wajib)Taking a ritual bath (ghusl) for Friday prayer is obligatory.
Required (Wajib)A woman's fluid (mani) is a thin yellowish fluid from which purification (ghusl) is obligatory; thus, the purification of the entire body is obligatory from it, just as it is obligatory for menstrual purification.
Permissible (Mubah)And there is no harm in starting the day in a state of major ritual impurity (janabah) from intercourse.
+ 13 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(15 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If she menstruated according to this estimation (i.e., time for the first prayer passed before menstruation), she does not have to make up what she menstruated during its time.
Required (Wajib)And if less time than that remains from the day or night, she prays the last prayer only.
Required (Wajib)As for the blood of istihada (irregular bleeding), wudu is obligatory for it.
+ 12 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(11 rulings)Required (Wajib)A small amount of blood on clothing should be washed.
Forbidden (Haram)One must not wipe over mud on the bottom of his sock or animal droppings until he removes it by wiping or washing.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever prays on a clean part of a mat, and there is impurity on another part of it, there is nothing upon him (his prayer is valid).
+ 8 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)That purification must be with pure water, not mixed with impurity, nor with water whose color has changed due to something impure or pure mixing with it, except for water whose color has changed due to the ground it is in, such as saline soil or mud.
Required (Wajib)If he has urinated or defecated, he should wash that off him, then perform wudu.
Forbidden (Haram)A small amount of water is rendered impure by a small amount of impurity, even if the impurity does not change the water's properties (color, taste, or smell).
+ 7 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(9 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is better to turn them on their side during the washing.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in one spouse washing the other, even without necessity.
Discouraged (Makruh)Their nails should not be clipped, nor should their hair be shaved.
+ 6 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(2 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Female circumcision (khifadh) is a noble deed (makrumah), meaning it is recommended.
Required (Wajib)Circumcision for males is a Sunnah and obligatory (wajib).
Transactions (Mu'amalat)19 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(70 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whatever is less than one-third of the damage is borne by the buyer.
Required (Wajib)If someone buys fruit on trees and it is afflicted by hail, locusts, frost, or other calamities, and the damage amounts to one-third or more, then the buyer is relieved of that amount from the price.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to pay in advance for renting insecure land before it has been irrigated.
+ 67 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If they both rented the land, and the seeds are from one party, and the work is on the other, it is permissible if the value of their contributions is similar.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if the seeds are from one party and the land from the other, and the work is on him or on both, and the profit is shared, then it is not permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)Partnership in crops is permissible if the seeds are from both parties and the profit is shared between them.
+ 20 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)Unless it was made during an illness (deathbed illness), in which case it is effective from one-third of the estate if it is for a non-heir.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever endows a house, it remains according to what he designated, provided it was taken possession of before his death.
Required (Wajib)A gift (hibah), charity (sadaqah), or endowment (habs) is not complete except by taking possession (ḥiyāzah).
+ 17 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to deliver something in exchange for something of its own genus or what is close to it, unless one loans something of the same description and quantity, with the benefit going to the borrower.
Forbidden (Haram)If you sell an item for a deferred price, do not buy it back for less cash, or for a term shorter than the first term, nor for more than its price with a term longer than the first term.
Forbidden (Haram)And He has forbidden usury.
+ 14 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(16 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to revoke one debt for another, which means having something owed to you and then revoking it for something else that you do not take possession of immediately.
Forbidden (Haram)Debt for debt is not permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)A loan is permissible for everything.
+ 13 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(15 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Nor in the courtyard of a house whose rooms have been divided.
Forbidden (Haram)Nor in a road (i.e., there is no right of pre-emption in a road).
Forbidden (Haram)There is no right of pre-emption in what has already been divided.
+ 12 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(11 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if he sells within half the term, he gets half the wage.
Permissible (Mubah)Hiring (kira') is like selling in what is permissible and forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone hires a specific animal to a certain place and it dies, the hiring contract is terminated for the remaining period.
+ 8 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(11 rulings)Required (Wajib)And she shall be valued against him (as compensation) even if she does not become pregnant.
Required (Wajib)And he shall guarantee her value if he has wealth.
Permissible (Mubah)If she does not become pregnant, the partner has the choice between remaining in partnership or having her valued against him.
+ 8 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no obligation upon the owner for anything that has no value after its removal and demolition.
Permissible (Mubah)Anyone other than the usurper does not have to return the produce or yield.
Required (Wajib)The rightful owner of land, after it has been developed (by another), must pay the value of the standing improvements.
+ 6 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)And any surplus (money), if there is any, must be returned.
Unless he took the money on the condition that he would spend it to reach (the destination), in which case the guarantee (for any loss) is from those who hired him.
Forbidden (Haram)Allah Almighty has forbidden consuming wealth unjustly.
+ 3 more rulings
Lost & Found (Luqata)
اللقطة(6 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)A man should not take a stray camel from the desert.
Required (Wajib)If he benefits from it, he guarantees it.
Permissible (Mubah)He may take a stray sheep and eat it if it is in a wilderness without habitation.
+ 3 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)The pledgee guarantees the pledge for items that can be concealed.
Required (Wajib)Pledging is not complete unless possession is taken.
Permissible (Mubah)Pledging is permissible.
+ 1 more ruling
Public Finance, Taxation, and Spoils of War (Bayt al-Mal, Kharaj, Jizyah, Ghanima)
بيت المال والضرائب والغنائم(4 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If an enemy converts to Islam while possessing property belonging to Muslims, that property becomes lawful for him.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone bought some of the spoils from the enemy, its original owner cannot take it back except by paying its price.
Permissible (Mubah)Whatever of the spoils was distributed among the shares, its original owner is more entitled to it by paying its price.
+ 1 more ruling
Contests, Prizes, and Reward Contracts (Musabaqat & Ju'alah)
المسابقات والجوائز وعقود الجعالة(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)No term should be set for a commission (ju'l) for returning a runaway slave, a stray camel, digging a well, or selling a garment, and the like.
Permissible (Mubah)And he is not owed anything except upon the completion of the work.
Permissible (Mubah)It is only permissible for a man to offer a prize.
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)and he is only due his wage upon delivery.
Permissible (Mubah)And there is no liability on the owner of a ship.
Permissible (Mubah)and in contracting with a doctor for a cure.
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The guarantor is only liable in the absence of the debtor or his disappearance.
Required (Wajib)The guarantor is liable.
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(1 ruling)Discouraged (Makruh)Trading with enemy lands and the land of Sudan is disliked.
Creditor Rights in Bankruptcy
حقوق الدائنين في الإفلاس(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his merchandise (in the possession of a bankrupt person) may either become a shareholder (creditor) or take his merchandise if it can be identified specifically.
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)Whoever transgresses with a deposit guarantees it.
worship16 topics
Jihad and Warfare Rulings
أحكام الجهاد والقتال(30 rulings)Obligatory (Fard)And the obligation of Jihad is a general communal obligation, borne by those who undertake it, unless the enemy attacks a locality of a people, in which case fighting them becomes an individual obligation upon them if they are twice their number.
Permissible (Mubah)In such a case (of sudden attack), parents' permission is not sought.
Obligatory (Fard)Jihad is a collective obligation (fard kifayah) which some people perform on behalf of others.
+ 27 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)And such a child is emancipated upon the emancipation of the parents.
Required (Wajib)Any child born to a male or female `mukātab` slave enters into the `kitābah` contract with them.
Forbidden (Haram)After declaring a slave `mudabbar` (emancipated post-mortem), it is not permissible for the master to sell him.
+ 25 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(18 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So do not enter a house in which there is someone until you ask for permission three times.
Discouraged (Makruh)So whoever greets a Dhimmi should not ask him to retract it.
Required (Wajib)And if a Jew or Christian greets him, he should say 'wa 'alayk'.
+ 15 more rulings
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(18 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The deceased is to be placed in his grave on his right side.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for the deceased to be shrouded in an odd number of garments: three, five, or seven.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he fears that he (the body) will be lost, then he should bury him.
+ 15 more rulings
Sacrifices and Offerings
الأضاحي والعقائق والنُسُك(14 rulings)Required (Wajib)A man should slaughter his sacrificial animal with his own hand after the Imam has slaughtered or sacrificed on the Day of Sacrifice, in the forenoon.
Required (Wajib)Whoever slaughters before the Imam slaughters or sacrifices must repeat his sacrificial offering.
Required (Wajib)Whoever has no Imam should seek to ascertain the prayer time and slaughter of the nearest Imams to them.
+ 11 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(10 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)If you are making the call to prayer (Adhan) for Fajr, you should add here 'Prayer is better than sleep, Prayer is better than sleep.'
Forbidden (Haram)And the Adhan should not be given for a prayer before its time.
Permissible (Mubah)Except for Fajr prayer, there is no harm in giving the Adhan for it in the last sixth of the night.
+ 7 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)and to act upon its (religion's) obligations.
Obligatory (Fard)And it is obligatory to believe in Divine Decree (Qadar), its good and its evil, its sweet and its bitter, and that all of it has been decreed by Allah, our Lord.
Required (Wajib)He should repent for that to Allah, the Exalted.
+ 7 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(7 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And the Glorious Book of Allah should be exalted such that it is not recited except with tranquility and dignity.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in teaching a student (ms53) the Quran by skilled teachers.
Forbidden (Haram)Nor reciting the Quran with repeated melodies like the repetition in singing.
+ 4 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(6 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The martyr is not to be prayed upon (funeral prayer).
Forbidden (Haram)The martyr who falls in battle is not to be washed.
Forbidden (Haram)Wailing and lamentation (for the deceased) are forbidden.
+ 3 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(6 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for strangers to sleep in mosques in desert areas.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not kill a louse or a flea in it (the mosque).
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to perform work in mosques, such as tailoring and the like.
+ 3 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(5 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended that a menstruating woman or a person in a state of major ritual impurity (junub) does not come near the dying person.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And to close the eyes of the deceased once they have passed away.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And to prompt the dying person with 'La ilaha illa Allah' (There is no god but Allah) at the time of death.
+ 2 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Upon leaving the toilet, you should say: 'Praise be to Allah who granted me its pleasure, removed its difficulty from me, and kept its strength in my body.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for one who enters his house to say: 'What Allah wills (comes to pass); there is no strength except with Allah.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you settle in a place, sit in a location, or sleep in it, you should say: 'I seek refuge in the perfect words of Allah from the evil of what He created.'
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And for strangers (visitors to Makkah), performing circumambulation (tawaf) is more beloved to us than performing voluntary prostrations (prayers), due to their limited opportunity for tawaf.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for a traveler to say upon mounting: 'In the name of Allah, O Allah, You are the companion in travel and the guardian of the family. O Allah, I seek refuge in You from the hardships of travel, the sorrows of return, and an ill sight regarding family and wealth.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)And the rider should say when he has settled on his mount: 'Glory be to Him who has subjugated this for us, and we were not capable of it, and indeed to our Lord we are returning.'
Supplications and Remembrances for Specific Occasions
الأذكار والأدعية للمناسبات(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And among what was narrated regarding supplication upon leaving the house is: 'O Allah, I seek refuge in You from going astray or being led astray, from slipping or being made to slip, from oppressing or being oppressed, and from acting ignorantly or having ignorance shown towards me.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)And he says in the morning, 'To You is the Resurrection,' and in the evening, 'To You is the Return.'
Recommended (Sunnah)And it was narrated that after every prayer, one should glorify Allah thirty-three times, magnify Allah thirty-three times, praise Allah thirty-three times, and complete the hundred with 'There is no god but Allah alone, He has no partner, to Him belongs the dominion and to Him belongs all praise, and He is over all things competent.'
Kissing the Hand
تقبيل اليد(1 ruling)Discouraged (Makruh)Malik disliked kissing the hand.
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(1 ruling)Obligatory (Fard)Likewise, seeking knowledge is a general communal obligation, borne by those who undertake it, except for what is personally obligatory upon a man.
Zakat7 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)Unless you are a merchant (manager) whose cash or goods do not remain stable in your possession, you must evaluate your goods every year and pay zakat on that along with any cash you possess.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no zakat on 'Awqas', which are the numbers of livestock between the prescribed thresholds for all types of livestock.
Required (Wajib)Sheep and goats are combined for zakat, as are buffaloes, cattle, Bactrian camels, and Arabian camels.
+ 35 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then likewise until they reach forty, a Musinnah is due, and only a female (Musinnah), which is a four-year-old cow, is to be taken.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no zakat on camels numbering less than five.
Required (Wajib)For five to nine camels, one Jadh'ah or Thaniyah (sheep or goat) from the common sheep/goats of that region is due.
+ 18 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(11 rulings)Required (Wajib)Wheat, barley, and spelt are combined for Zakat calculation; if their total reaches five awsuq, then Zakat must be paid on that.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, types of raisins, rice, millet, and corn—each is a separate category and not to be combined with others for Zakat.
Required (Wajib)As for Zakat on crops, it is due on the day of its harvest.
+ 8 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)Zakat al-Fitr is an obligatory Sunnah that the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) made obligatory on every Muslim, big or small, male or female, free or enslaved: one Sa' for each person, using the Sa' of the Prophet (PBUH).
Required (Wajib)And (a man pays) for his Mukatab (indentured slave), even if he does not spend on him, because he is still his slave.
Required (Wajib)It is to be given from the staple food of the people of that town, such as wheat, barley, spelt, dates, dried yogurt, raisins, millet, corn, or rice.
+ 6 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)One should not buy back what one has given in charity.
Preferred (Mustahabb)A will for charity is more beloved to us.
Forbidden (Haram)A man may not take back his charity, nor may it return to him except through inheritance.
+ 2 more rulings
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Obligatory (Fard)And Zakat on currency (gold/silver/money), crops, and livestock is an individual obligation.
Obligatory (Fard)Zakat on wealth (gold, silver, currency), crops, and livestock is an obligation.
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)Regarding Rikaz, which is pre-Islamic buried treasure, one-fifth is due from whoever finds it.