Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ibn Aqil said: Wearing them (garments with images of animals) is disliked, but it is not forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible (silk markings) even if it is gilded, and the same applies to patches, pocket linings, fur edgings, and the like.
Permissible (Mubah)I heard Abu Abdullah (Imam Ahmad) being asked about wearing Khazz (silk blend), and he saw no harm in it, indicating its permissibility.
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Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Required (Wajib)And they (women going to mosques) should go out without perfume.
Recommended (Sunnah)Scholars have agreed that it (the siwak) is an emphasized Sunnah.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to wear two clean garments.
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Required (Wajib)There is no marriage without a guardian.
Required (Wajib)And he must pay the dowry to the beneficiaries of the endowment.
Permissible (Mubah)And there is no dowry upon him.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Required (Wajib)His sound judgment is only known by testing him.
Permissible (Mubah)The time for testing is before puberty, according to one of the two narrations.
Required (Wajib)When a girl reaches puberty and her sound judgment is confirmed after reaching puberty, her wealth should be handed over to her, and the guardianship over her property is lifted, even if she has not married.
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If they withhold zakat as they withheld it from Abu Bakr, and they fight over it, they will not be inherited from.
Permissible (Mubah)Nor were his heirs prevented from inheriting from him, nor was he prevented from inheriting from his inheritor (due to abandoning prayer).
If someone claims that a certain absent person authorized him to marry a woman, and he married her for him, then the absent person died, the woman does not inherit from him unless the heirs confirm it or it is proven by evidence.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Tawus said: That (differentiating in gifts among children) is not permissible, not even a burnt loaf.
Permissible (Mubah)And he (al-Hasan) permitted it in judicial rulings (meaning, a judge can uphold its validity).
Discouraged (Makruh)and the dislike of showing preference (in giving gifts to children).
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Required (Wajib)If she gives birth (due to intercourse under misapprehension), her child is free.
Required (Wajib)And the lineage is attributed to him for that reason (of being born from intercourse under misapprehension).
Forbidden (Haram)And there is no `wala` (allegiance/right of inheritance) over him.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)The waiting period (iddah) for a divorced woman and those similar to her does not end except by it (i.e., the completion of menstrual cycles).
And her word is accepted regarding the denial of compensation (in a khula).
Forbidden (Haram)If a woman claims her husband divorced her three times, and he reconciles with her for money so she withdraws her claim, it is not permissible. This is because it is not permissible for her to offer herself to her divorcee, whether with or without compensation.
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Required (Wajib)And mahr (dowry) is due from him.
Required (Wajib)His child from her is free.
Required (Wajib)And his lineage is affirmed with him.
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)So, the child's freedom is ruled; due to the admission of the one to whom its ownership is attributed concerning its freedom.
His lineage is not attributed to the one who had intercourse with her, because it is from unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
Forbidden (Haram)And the female slave is contrary to that (i.e., it is not permissible to separate her from her child).
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)The heir is obligated to provide maintenance for the one from whom they inherit.
Permissible (Mubah)And the one inherited from is not obligated to provide maintenance for their heir.
Required (Wajib)The father of the son is obligated to provide maintenance for his brother.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)A man must not be alone with a woman unless she is accompanied by a mahram.
Forbidden (Haram)He must not be alone with her in a house.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)He (the husband) does not have the right to compel her (the wife) to foster their child.
Permissible (Mubah)The people of knowledge have a consensus on the permissibility of hiring a wet-nurse.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire her (the wet-nurse) for her food and clothing.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)When a child completes fifteen years, what is for him and what is against him is recorded, and penalties are taken from him.
As for age, puberty for boys and girls is at fifteen years.
Forbidden (Haram)[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz] wrote to his governors: 'Do not impose [obligations] except upon one who has reached fifteen years of age.'
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he bequeathed it to an unspecified entity, such as the poor, it is not permissible for the executor to permit management [of the partnership share].
Permissible (Mubah)If a man lends another dirhams and says, 'If I die, you are absolved,' it is considered a will.
Required (Wajib)It is not right for a Muslim who sleeps for two nights having something to bequeath, except that his will is written down with him.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Required (Wajib)Muslims are in consensus regarding the obligation of fasting the month of Ramadan.
Required (Wajib)And that they must break their fast in Ramadan.
Required (Wajib)If someone vows to fast for a consecutive month without specifying it, and then falls ill during it, upon recovery, they should continue from where they left off, make up what they missed, and pay an expiation for an oath.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Some of our companions said: It is recommended for him to hasten back to his place of i'tikaf.
Permissible (Mubah)According to the statement of Al-Qadi, there is no expiation upon him (for exiting for an obligatory matter); because it is an obligation for the right of Allah Almighty, resembling exiting due to menstruation.
Required (Wajib)The fourth (type of exit) is that which necessitates making up (the i'tikaf), and there are two views regarding expiation; and that is exiting for an obligatory matter, such as exiting for jihad (nafeer) or during the waiting period ('iddah).
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And there is another view that kaffarah (expiation) is not obligatory for it.
Forbidden (Haram)A woman's fast is invalidated by sexual intercourse.
One view is that he breaks his fast because he did not remain resolute in the intention to fast, and likewise, initiating the intention with such a condition is not valid.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not sufficient to give it alive to the poor, because Allah named it a Hady (sacrificial animal), and a Hady must be slaughtered.
If one paid fidyah (expiatory feeding) while despairing of making up the fast, and then later became able to fast, it is possible that fasting is no longer obligatory for him, because his obligation was discharged by paying the fidyah which was due.
If one hopes to be able to make up the fast, then no fidyah (expiatory feeding) is due on him.
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If one intends to fast on these days (Eid or Tashreeq), they are disobedient, and it does not suffice for an obligatory fast.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to single out the day of Nowruz and Mihrajan for fasting.
Forbidden (Haram)In summary, the days of Tashreeq are also prohibited from fasting.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to make up fasts during them (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah), according to those who permit voluntary fasting before fulfilling an obligatory fast.
Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Rather, it is recommended to perform make-up fasts during them (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah), according to those who forbid voluntary fasting before fulfilling an obligatory fast.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It was narrated from him (Ahmad) that using a wet siwak stick (while fasting) is disliked.
Discouraged (Makruh)Repeated looking (gazing) is disliked for someone whose lust is aroused by it, but not disliked for someone whose lust is not aroused by it, similar to kissing.
Permissible (Mubah)It was also narrated from him (Ahmad) that it is not disliked to use a wet siwak stick (while fasting).
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And it is sufficient according to the other narration.
Permissible (Mubah)If one had an obligatory fast from year five but intended to fast for year six, or intended to fast for Sunday but it was Monday, or thought tomorrow was Sunday and intended for it but it was Monday, their fast is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If one specifies the intention for the fast of Ramadan, or its make-up, or an expiation, or a vow, they do not need to intend it to be obligatory.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Then if he or someone else breaks it [after its contents have been removed], nothing is incumbent upon him for that.
If he did not prepare it (a ship for hunting), he does not own what falls into it.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, if there is a mixture of Muslims and Magians (who slaughter), it is not permissible to purchase it (the meat) for that reason.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And the animal remains forbidden by default (if the cause of death is unknown).
Discouraged (Makruh)But if it is in a small container, I do not like it.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (butter or oil a dog licked) is in a large container, like a cistern or similar, I hope there is no harm in it and it may be eaten.
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Required (Wajib)It was narrated from Ahmad that they (a couple who engaged in intercourse while in ihram) separate from where they enter ihram until they exit ihram.
Permissible (Mubah)If he preserved it, fed it, and watered it until its feathers grew back, there is no compensation upon him because the defect has gone, resembling when a wound heals.
Required (Wajib)It is more appropriate that feeding (food) be obligatory (as expiation for hair removal during ihram).
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Required (Wajib)If someone neglected Hajj until they died, a Hajj and Umrah should be performed on their behalf from all their wealth.
Permissible (Mubah)If a nearby pilgrim returns and performs the farewell circumambulation, there is no blood sacrifice (penalty) upon him.
Obligatory (Fard)Tawaf al-Ziyarah (circumambulation of visitation) is a pillar of Hajj; Hajj is not complete without it.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one enters ihram, and then later realizes they passed the miqat parallel to their path without having entered ihram, they must offer a sacrifice (dam).
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for seven people to share a camel or a cow, whether it is obligatory or voluntary.
Required (Wajib)If a person in ihram invalidates his Hajj before the Miqat, the blood sacrifice is not waived from him.
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one performs circumambulation (tawaf) while riding or being carried, there is no raml (hastening) upon him.
Permissible (Mubah)As for performing Sa'i (the ritual walk between Safa and Marwah) while riding, it is valid, whether with an excuse or without one.
Required (Wajib)If one is engaged in tawaf or sa'i, and then the obligatory prayer is established, he should pray with the congregation, according to the majority of scholars.
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Required (Wajib)The sacrifice for Qiran is incumbent upon the proxy if he was not permitted for it, due to the lack of permission for its cause.
Discouraged (Makruh)Hasan bin Salih disliked a woman performing Hajj on behalf of a man.
Required (Wajib)If someone appointed a proxy while hoping to be able to perform Hajj himself, and then became terminally ill, he must perform Hajj himself again.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to frequently remember Allah and supplicate on the Day of Arafah.
Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is recommended to supplicate with the reported supplications.
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: It is not permissible. (Referring to the scenario where a father acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to someone who is not an heir, and that person then becomes an heir, his acknowledgment to him is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He does not guarantee anything (if the defect that caused a reduction in value has disappeared).
Permissible (Mubah)Unless the payer delivered it to the agent without confirming the agent's claim of agency. If the payer then bears liability, he can seek recourse against the agent, because the payer did not acknowledge his agency, nor was it proven by evidence.
Forbidden (Haram)If the agent bears liability (in the case where the payer delivered to him without confirming agency), he cannot seek recourse against the payer.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And according to Al-Qadi, the exception is valid, and the thousand can be interpreted as anything, as long as it is from the value of that thing, after the dirhams have been excepted from it.
Required (Wajib)If someone says, "I owe him ninety-nine dirhams," then the entire amount is dirhams. I know of no disagreement on this.
Required (Wajib)And if he says, "one hundred and fifty dirhams," then it is likewise.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended that the bankrupt person attend the sale.
Required (Wajib)He is obligated to fulfill it (i.e., the acknowledgment made before the interdiction was lifted).
Permissible (Mubah)A category [of interdiction] is removed without a judge's ruling, and that is the interdiction of the insane person.
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he opens a door from each house to the other, to enable passage from each house to both houses, it is not permissible.
Required (Wajib)If they differ on that, the statement of the one who wishes to keep it as it is shall be given precedence.
Discouraged (Makruh)However, it is disliked for him to enter another's property except with their permission.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint an agent for the establishment of punishments (hudud).
Permissible (Mubah)If a person claims against another a deposit, a loan, or negligence in a deposit or partnership, and the other denies it, and they then reconcile, the reconciliation is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person knows what is due from him and he denies it, then the reconciliation is invalid.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a mortgaged slave commits a crime, the victim has a greater right to his person than the mortgagee until his right is fulfilled.
Required (Wajib)And he ransoms them with their value on the day of birth.
Required (Wajib)And their ransom is upon him.
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire someone for the execution of retaliation (qisas), whether in life or for injuries less than capital.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to hire someone for retaliation (qisas) in life (i.e., capital punishment).
Required (Wajib)The wage for the execution of qisas is upon the one from whom retaliation is taken.
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy (according to a third, preferred opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)And disbelief makes killing permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)And if he does not remain steadfast upon it (Islam), then he is an apostate, and the rulings of apostates apply to him.
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)This land tax (kharaj) is like the jizya; it is waived upon their conversion to Islam, and the land belongs to them with no kharaj upon it.
Required (Wajib)(Umar said): 'If you pay its Sadaqah, one faraq from every ten faraq, we will protect it for you.'
Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
Permissible (Mubah)If the sold item was a female slave and the buyer had intercourse with her, there is no hadd punishment upon him because he believed she was his property.
Then there is no prescribed punishment (`hadd`) upon him (the usurper if ignorant or mistaken).
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The testimony of the seller for him is accepted if he is just.
Required (Wajib)The statement of the defendant is accepted with his oath if the claimant has no evidence.
Required (Wajib)If there is evidence against him, a judgment is passed based on it.
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)The Prophet - peace and blessings be upon him - said to Ka'b ibn `Ujrah: 'Feed six poor people one faraq of food.'
Required (Wajib)He must swear an oath to the other if he claims it.
Required (Wajib)because it is a debt that must be paid (referring to debts to Allah like expiations and vows).
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Required (Wajib)The apparent meaning of Al-Khiraqi's statement is that this protected area (harim) is owned by the well's owner.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the Imam to allow him (who inconveniences passersby) to sit, whether for compensation or otherwise.
Required (Wajib)The protected area of an irrigation well is three hundred cubits from all its sides.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to extract the legal cause (illah) of a ruling and to establish it in every instance where its cause is found.
Required (Wajib)If one conjoins and says: 'So and so and so many dirham' (with 'dirham' in the nominative case), then one dirham becomes obligatory upon him.
Required (Wajib)If one says 'dirhaman' (with 'dirham' in the accusative case), there are three views; one of them is that one dirham becomes obligatory upon him.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)So whenever she becomes pregnant, her puberty is ruled to have occurred at the time she became pregnant.
If the slave denies it, it is not accepted.
Permissible (Mubah)And he (the slave) has the right to demand it and to forgive it, and his master has no right to demand it or to forgive.
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Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And announcing a death (al-Na'i) is disliked, which is to send a caller to announce to the people: 'So-and-so has died,' so that they may attend his funeral, based on what Hudhayfah narrated: 'I heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbid announcing a death.'
Forbidden (Haram)And they (women) were specifically forbidden from shaving or pulling hair, tearing clothes, and the like [during mourning].
Preferred (Mustahabb)A group of scholars considered it recommended that people not be informed of their funerals.
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Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And a man who enslaves a freed person (is among those whose prayer is not accepted).
And if the price is more (than the compensation), the surplus belongs to the master.
If a sick person owned his cousin and admitted during his illness that he had freed him while in good health, and this cousin is his closest male relative, then the cousin is freed but does not inherit from him.
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Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for the owner of the sheep, it is not permissible for him to abandon it, because it involves torturing an animal.
Permissible (Mubah)Separating an animal (other than a female slave) from its child is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to kill everything that harms people, whether in their persons or their property, such as all beasts of prey whose meat is forbidden to eat, birds of prey like the falcon, eagle, hawk, and shahīn, and similar, and harmful insects such as wasps, bed bugs, mosquitoes, fleas, and flies.
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General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The prohibition extends to enabling children to engage in forbidden acts, such as enabling them to drink alcohol, consume interest (riba), and other such things.
Permissible (Mubah)Then he is permitted to leave.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not for his master to make him stand up.
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whenever his guardian permits him to transact, his transaction is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)And it is not permissible to sell it (the endowment), because the original principle is the prohibition of selling.
Required (Wajib)However, only the discerning adolescent who understands buying and selling and can distinguish benefit from harm should be tested.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is not obligatory to remove the harm, to our knowledge, without dispute, because no new harm was caused.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person has a well with water, and another person digs a well close to it such that the water from the first well drains into it, then it is not permissible for him to do that.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, it is not permissible for a neighbor to do anything that harms his neighbor, such as turning his house into a tannery or a bathhouse that harms his neighbor's property with its fire's heat, ash, and smoke, or digging a cesspit at the base of his wall from which his neighbor is annoyed by its smell, or turning his house into a bakery in the midst of perfumers, or similar things that annoy his neighbors.
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to possess (or make) gold and silver vessels.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to ornament Qur'ans or prayer niches (mihrabs), nor to make lamps from gold and silver.
Forbidden (Haram)As for objects plated with gold or silver, if the plating is extensive, it is forbidden in all circumstances, whether it is gold or silver, and whether for a need or otherwise.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is related from Ahmad that it belongs to the owner of the house; for he said, concerning one who hired a digger to dig in his house and found an ancient treasure in it: 'It belongs to the owner of the house.'
Permissible (Mubah)If he does not claim it, then it belongs to its finder.
Permissible (Mubah)If the heirs agree that the buried treasure did not belong to their deceased, then it belongs to the first owner.
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So, everything of this nature that is done by way of a legal stratagem is evil and forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)If one does that as a trick to benefit from an item, or to have intercourse with a slave girl and then return her without compensation, it is not permissible, by unanimous agreement, because all legal stratagems are invalid.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if they do that as a legal trick to buy the fruit before it exists or before its ripeness becomes apparent, then it is not permissible, whether they combine the two contracts or conclude one after the other, due to what we mentioned regarding the invalidation of legal tricks.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a person is able to acquire rukaz in enemy territory by themselves, it belongs to the finder, and its ruling is the same as if it were found in barren land in Muslim territory.
Required (Wajib)Therefore, he (the Imam) is obliged to do what he deems to be in the public interest, and it is not permissible for him to deviate from it.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a person to undertake the distribution of the khums (one-fifth) himself.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for us to interfere with them [dhimmis] in matters they do not display publicly, because we have committed to upholding their practices in our land, so we should not interfere in what we have pledged to leave alone.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to imitate the People of the Book in such matters (i.e., using their unknown dates for contract terms).
Permissible (Mubah)If they display a cross or a lute, its breaking is permissible.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If it (the tooth) did not heal, but the hirer refused to have it extracted, he should not be forced to do so.
Required (Wajib)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded him to make a nose of gold (due to necessity after his silver one caused infection).
Permissible (Mubah)Imam Ahmad said: Binding teeth with gold if one fears they might fall out has been done by people, and there is no harm in it out of necessity.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to your beast of burden or your slave. (Ahmad's instruction regarding the earnings of a cupper).
Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to the beasts of burden. (A command from the Prophet regarding bread made from the water of the wells of those who wronged themselves).
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to exercise ijtihad (taharri), even if the permissible [items] are many.
Required (Wajib)The standard measure is the measure of the people of Medina.
Required (Wajib)The measure is the measure of Madinah, and the weight is the weight of Makkah.
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Required (Wajib)If he has surplus food and finds someone in dire need, it is obligatory to give it to them because it is a state of necessity.
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to recite in the second rak'ah a surah that comes after the surah recited in the first rak'ah according to the Qur'anic order.
Recommended (Sunnah)Saying the extended praise (like "Mil' al-sama...") after the Tahmid (e.g., after 'Rabbana wa lakal hamd').
Recommended (Sunnah)Starting prostration by placing the knees down before the hands.
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for praying over the grave or for an absent person, it is not permissible at any of the prohibited times (for prayer).
Permissible (Mubah)There is no disagreement among the scholars regarding the permissibility of performing the funeral prayer over multiple bodies at once.
Permissible (Mubah)And if each body is prayed over individually, it is permissible.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If the time for prayer is constrained, and there is a reciter among them, it is recommended to start with him so that he can be their Imam (by wearing the limited garment first).
Required (Wajib)(According to Ash-Shafi'i) one performs only the forgotten pillar and what follows it, nothing more.
Required (Wajib)One is obliged to perform a unit of prayer (rak'ah), unless what was forgotten was the Tashahhud and the Tasleem, in which case one performs them, then says the Tasleem, and then performs the prostrations of forgetfulness.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, when he said 'Wa la al-dalleen', would say 'Ameen'.
Discouraged (Makruh)The companions of Malik said: It is not good for the Imam to say Ameen.
Permissible (Mubah)A number less than three is a valid count for a congregational prayer.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then let him push him, and if he refuses, then let him fight him.
Recommended (Sunnah)The length of the sutrah should be approximately a cubit.
Permissible (Mubah)Whatever approximates a cubit is sufficient for using as a sutrah.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)That it (mud alone) does not permit (combining prayers).
Required (Wajib)When he departs (from Arafat to Muzdalifah), there is no prayer except by combining them.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If one says that (adding 'wa Barakatuh' to the Tasleem), it is good.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)If something that does not break the prayer passes between the worshipper and his sutrah, it is disliked.
Forbidden (Haram)If something that breaks the prayer passes between the worshipper and his sutrah, it breaks the prayer.
Permissible (Mubah)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded the killing of the two black ones (snakes and scorpions) during prayer.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Even if one sees signs of Islam on a prayer niche, he should not pray towards it, due to the possibility that its builder was a polytheist mocking and deceiving Muslims.
Required (Wajib)He must repeat the prayer because the error in one of the conditions of prayer has become evident to him, thus repetition is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)The second [narration regarding a blind person or muqallid traveling without an informant or mujtahid] is: no repetition is required of him.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If one knows the prohibited time for prayer, he is not allowed to pray.
Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from praying during three specific times: when the sun rises until it has fully risen, when the sun is at its zenith until it declines, and when the sun inclines towards setting until it sets.
Discouraged (Makruh)Because it is agreed upon that it is disliked (makruh) to pray at that (forbidden) time, as what is best is the opposite.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And they (women) also pray in congregation like men.
Forbidden (Haram)If there are non-mahram men present, a woman should not recite loudly in prayer, unless they are her mahrams, in which case there is no harm.
Required (Wajib)If a woman leads another woman in prayer, the follower woman stands to her right, similar to how a male follower stands with men.
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is thus established that the Prophet (peace be upon him) only commanded washing (ghusl) for the feet [in ablution], not merely wiping (masah).
Permissible (Mubah)One opinion is permissibility (for delaying prayer after purification for reasons unrelated to prayer).
Permissible (Mubah)If one separates the mouth rinse with three scoops and the nose rinse with three scoops, it is permissible.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to accept his report (regarding the impurity of water), whether he is a man or a woman, free or enslaved, known to be righteous or of unknown status, provided he is an adult, sane, Muslim, whose wrongdoing is not known, and he specifies the reason for the impurity.
Permissible (Mubah)A small amount of menstrual blood is excused, as is a small amount of blood from other pure animals.
Permissible (Mubah)We know of no disagreement among scholars regarding the permissibility of praying in clothes woven by disbelievers.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Al-Qadi said: She should not abstain in the four months except for the certain days.
Required (Wajib)It is narrated from Ahmad that she (the beginner experiencing istihada) should sit (abstain from worship) for the maximum duration of menstruation.
Required (Wajib)And it was said: no habit is established for her, and she should observe what she usually observes as menstruation from the black blood of the fifth (month) because it resembles menstrual blood.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one applies dust to the obligatory area using a cloth or wood, Al-Qadi said it suffices.
Required (Wajib)This is similar to if one does not find water for ablution except by usurping it, in which case he should perform tayammum.
Permissible (Mubah)He (Ibn Mas'ud) did not consider tayammum permissible for one in a state of major impurity (janabah), but that opinion was abandoned.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to urinate while sitting, so that splashes do not come back onto oneself.
Forbidden (Haram)None of you should urinate in his bathing place.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to urinate in a crack or a hole.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for semen, ghusl (ritual bath) is required for it.
Permissible (Mubah)If one performs a single *ghusl* for both Jumu'ah and *janabah* and intends both, it suffices him.
Required (Wajib)Sexual intercourse in the vagina necessitates ghusl.
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)What most of our companions and others hold is that the five garments for [shrouding a deceased woman] are: an izar (loincloth), a dir' (chemise), a khimar (head covering), and two wraps, and this is the correct view.
Discouraged (Makruh)As for combing [the deceased's hair], Ahmad disliked it.
Discouraged (Makruh)If its removal would lead to disfigurement, it should not be extracted, and it becomes like something internal, as if he were alive.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If an old man embraces Islam and fears for himself from circumcision, it is dropped from him.
Required (Wajib)As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is an honor (or virtuous act) for women.
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)In invalidating the seller's disposal, it is an act of disposal over someone else's property without legal authority or customary representation, so it is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If you return it tomorrow, its rental fee is ten, and if you return it today, its rental fee is five. There is no harm in this.
So the contract is not valid due to its ambiguity.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is appropriate that this be made from that which no one's specific right is attached to it.
Required (Wajib)If a person admits to a debt owed by his father, he is obligated to pay from the debt up to the amount of his inheritance.
Required (Wajib)He is to be left with what suffices for his livelihood, and the rest is sold.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If they transacted with wine or pork, and the pre-emptor takes the property based on that, what they did is not annulled.
Required (Wajib)If the exchange of goods and payment occurred between the transacting parties without the pre-emptor, and they referred the case to us, we would not rule in his favor for pre-emption.
Required (Wajib)If they (the transacting parties who used wine/pork as currency) had referred their case to us before the exchange of goods and payment, we would have annulled the contract.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he buys on credit with cash he possesses of the same kind, or cash of a different kind, or buys with something of fungible items when he possesses its like, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)If one of the partners dies and has a sane adult heir, he has the right to continue the partnership, and the [remaining] partner may give him permission to manage.
Permissible (Mubah)And he (the heir) has the right to demand division.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)As for anything other than that, a condition of guarantee in it is not valid, and even if it is stipulated, the condition itself is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to use it (the shirt) as a rida' (upper garment).
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to lease sheep to tread mud or crops for someone.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the mortgagee permits the mortgagor's disposition, the disposition is valid, and the mortgage is nullified.
Permissible (Mubah)And if he authorized him to pledge it for a certain amount of money, and he pledged it for less than that, such as authorizing him to pledge it for a hundred, and he pledges it for fifty, it is valid.
Required (Wajib)His (the pledged slave's) expenses are upon the pledger.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is possible that the validity of taking possession (of a gift) by a minor depends on his guardian's permission, unlike acceptance. This is because taking possession grants control over the wealth, making it vulnerable to misuse or neglect. Therefore, it becomes necessary to safeguard it by making it contingent upon his guardian's permission, similar to his taking possession of a trust.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone gifts a female slave and excludes what is in her womb, it is valid, according to the analogy of Ahmad's view concerning someone who frees a female slave while excluding what is in her womb.
Forbidden (Haram)If a gift is time-limited, such as someone saying: 'I gifted you this for a year, then it returns to me,' it is not valid; because it is a contract of transferring ownership of a specific item, and thus it is not valid when time-limited, just like a sale.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one gouges out the eye of a usable animal, such as a riding animal, a camel, or a cow, half of its value is due, and for one of its eyes, a quarter of its value is due (according to Abu Hanifa).
Forbidden (Haram)Nor is he [the usurped party] allowed to remove it himself.
Required (Wajib)The usurper is liable for the damage to the garment and the cost of removal.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)If the opponent presents evidence of dismissal, it is heard, and the agent is dismissed.
Permissible (Mubah)If he says: 'Buy me a slave' or 'a garment' without mentioning its type, it is also valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If he says: 'Buy me a Turkish slave' or 'a Herati garment,' it is valid.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the goods are immediate and the dirhams are deferred, it is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to exchange them (items of the same genus) with a difference in quantity.
Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) forbade selling gold for gold, silver for silver, wheat for wheat, barley for barley, and salt for salt, except equally and hand-to-hand. Whoever gives more or takes more has engaged in riba.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)When the term is due, if the guarantor presents and delivers the guaranteed person, he is absolved.
Permissible (Mubah)If the guarantee has a fixed term, it is not obligatory to present the guaranteed person before the term, just like a deferred debt.
Permissible (Mubah)When the rightful person (creditor) is present, it is not obligatory for the guarantor to hand over the guaranteed person to a representative, such as a judge or other.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And (it is permissible for him) to lend his animal.
Forbidden (Haram)According to Malik, the separation in sale is not forbidden except between a mother and her child.
Forbidden (Haram)According to Shafi'i, it is forbidden to separate in sale between parents and their children, however far down the lineage, and it is not forbidden between any others.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Required (Wajib)However, if buying is more beneficial and possible, then it becomes obligatory to prioritize it.
Forbidden (Haram)He is not allowed to travel with his (the orphan's) money.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for him (the guardian) to build real estate for him (the orphan).
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a bird falls into his house, he is not obliged to preserve it or inform its owner.
Required (Wajib)As for what is lost due to his transgression, he is liable for it without disagreement.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no liability upon the shepherd for what is lost from the livestock, as long as he does not transgress.
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)But if one purchases it when provisions are abundant and prices are low, in a way that does not cause hardship to anyone, then it is not prohibited.
Permissible (Mubah)As for condiments, sweets, honey, oil, and animal fodder, there is no prohibited hoarding in them.
Permissible (Mubah)It is apparent from this that in large countries with abundant facilities and imports, such as Baghdad, Basra, and Egypt, hoarding is not prohibited.
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The other view is that it invalidates the contract, because it contradicts its implication, similar to a condition that one should not utilize the benefits at all.
Permissible (Mubah)Presenting food to guests is permission for them to eat, and it does not require verbal acceptance.
Required (Wajib)If one stipulates to benefit from something for a specific period and dies within that period, that benefit should be for his heirs.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Unless they settle on something and mutually agree (to a mutual waiver or deal).
Forbidden (Haram)If one knows that the unknown thing (being settled upon) is more than the settlement amount, it is not permissible unless one informs the other party of it.
Forbidden (Haram)If one reconciles a debt of one hundred (units) established in liability due to destruction with a hundred (units) to be paid at a later date, it is not permissible, and the original debt remains immediately due.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)One opinion states that if a weaver produces a garment deficient in length, width, or both, he receives no wage, and he is liable for the deficiency in the yarn.
Permissible (Mubah)When the contract is terminated immediately thereafter, the lease is invalidated from its origin, and the hirer gets all the payment back. If it was during the contract period, he gets back a portion corresponding to the remaining time.
Permissible (Mubah)If the child dies, the contract is terminated.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)If currencies are equal in prevalence (for an insolvent's assets), one should sell with the type of currency in which the debt is denominated.
Required (Wajib)One begins by selling the offending slave (from the insolvent's assets), and pays the victim the lesser of its price or the compensation for the offense.
Required (Wajib)Whatever remains from the sale of the offending slave is returned to the creditors.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)For the offspring of a usurped item is not compensated if it was not usurped.
Required (Wajib)And if it was less, it is compensated with its value on the day it was destroyed, according to both views.
Permissible (Mubah)Then the analogical deduction of the madhhab is that he is absolved (from compensation).
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Required (Wajib)Shrouding the dead is obligatory.
Required (Wajib)And that (the cost of the shroud) should be taken from his principal wealth, prioritized over debt, bequests, and inheritance.
Forbidden (Haram)A Muslim should not take charge of burying a disbeliever.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)The Adhan of a woman is not counted (considered valid).
As for the disbeliever and the insane person, their Adhan is not valid.
Recommended (Sunnah)Whoever says when he hears the call [to prayer]: 'And I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone without partner, and that Muhammad is His Messenger; I am pleased with Allah as Lord, with Islam as a religion, and with Muhammad, peace and blessings be upon him, as a Messenger,' his sins will be forgiven.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to offer condolences to the deceased's family.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to build upon a grave.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him to take dispensations (when traveling to visit graves and shrines), because he is forbidden from traveling to them.
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And whenever prayer is not possible except by entering and stepping over them, it is permissible, because it is a matter of necessity.
Permissible (Mubah)These people have no sanctity [i.e., it is permissible to step over them] if they leave wide spaces and pray at the back.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he finds no way to his prayer spot except by stepping over people, in which case it is permissible for him to step over.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)When paying Zakat, it is recommended to say: 'O Allah, make it a gain and do not make it a loss,' and to praise Allah for granting success in fulfilling it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for the recipient to supplicate for the giver, saying: 'May Allah reward you for what you have given, bless you in what you have spent, and make it a purification for you.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)The prayer (salat) here means supplication and blessing, and it is not obligatory.
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General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm for a man to say to another man on Eid day: 'May Allah accept from us and from you.'
Permissible (Mubah)He (Ahmad) said yes, this one did not ask while the Imam was delivering the sermon (so it is permissible to pass on charity to him).
Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, charity is not permissible for us (referring to the Prophet and his family).
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Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Beautify the Quran with your voices.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to protect the Quran from it (the bathroom).
Forbidden (Haram)The Mus'haf (copy of the Quran) should only be touched by one who is pure (meaning pure from both minor and major ritual impurity).
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Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)That is, there is no harm in residing in Mecca for those who did not emigrate from it (such as people from other lands).
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not take anything from the perfume of the House (Kaaba).
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not take any soil out of the Sacred Precinct (Haram).
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to combine worldly intentions with acts of worship.
Forbidden (Haram)As for purely physical acts of worship, such as prayer, fasting, and purification from minor ritual impurity, it is not permissible to delegate them.
Permissible (Mubah)Every act that you are not obligated to enter into, if you enter it and then leave it, you are not required to make it up, except for Hajj and Umrah.
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Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)The slave does not return anything to his master (as compensation for services).
Required (Wajib)So when he (the slave) comes into his (the buyer's) possession, he is judged free due to his previous acknowledgement.
Required (Wajib)If a man acknowledges the freedom of a slave and then buys him, or if two men testify to the freedom of a slave belonging to someone else and their testimony is rejected, then one of them buys him from his master, the slave is freed immediately, due to his admission that what he bought is free.
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Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to strive hard in worship during these days [the first ten days of Dhul-Hijjah].
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to stand in the first part of the rain and bring out one's belongings to be touched by the rain.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to be generous on this day (Eid).
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Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And he should encourage him towards repentance and making a will.
Required (Wajib)And his jaw should be tied, so that his jaw does not slacken.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Whoever's last words at death are 'I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone, without partner,' except that it demolishes the sins and transgressions that preceded it. So, teach it to your dying ones.
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Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to exceed three garments in the shroud.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no dispute among them that one garment suffices for him [a boy].
Permissible (Mubah)And if a boy is shrouded in three garments, there is no harm.
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Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)that this is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)Silence from speech, and the apparent meaning of the narrations is its prohibition.
Forbidden (Haram)And if he wishes to perform it (such an act), he is not allowed to do so, whether he vowed it or not.
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Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The grave should be raised about a handspan above the ground.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise the grave except a little.
Discouraged (Makruh)The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade adding more soil to the grave than what came out of its excavation.
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Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
Required (Wajib)He is killed for his disbelief like an apostate, so he is not washed, nor shrouded, nor buried among Muslims, nor does anyone inherit from him, nor does he inherit from anyone.
Required (Wajib)There is no one among Allah's creation upon whom Hajj and Umrah are not both obligatory, and they are indispensable for whoever can find a way to them.
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Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a judge rules based on the sighting [of the crescent] by the testimony of one witness, it is permissible.
Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
Required (Wajib)If a trustworthy informant informs someone of the sighting of the crescent, fasting becomes obligatory for them.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one owns twenty-five camels in Muharram and five in Safar, then for the first (twenty-five), upon the completion of its year, a bint makhadh (young female camel) is due, and nothing is due for the five, according to the first approach.
Required (Wajib)And according to the second approach: a sixth of a bint makhadh is due upon him.
Required (Wajib)And according to the third approach, one sheep is due upon him for them (the five camels).
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)Wheat is combined with barley, and legumes are combined with each other (for Zakat calculation).
Required (Wajib)Both debts (for crops and for family) should be accounted for (deducted), then zakat is paid on what remains after deducting them.
Required (Wajib)What was spent on his crops should be accounted for (deducted for zakat purposes), but not what was spent on his family, because the former is considered a cost of the crops.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Required (Wajib)The fighter in Allah's cause is given what suffices him for his expedition.
Required (Wajib)The wayfarer is given what will enable him to reach his homeland.
Required (Wajib)The indebted person and the mukatab (slave who contracted for self-emancipation) are each given what settles their debt, even if it is substantial.
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Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Required (Wajib)Zakat al-Fitr is upon the owner of the slave's body, because Zakat al-Fitr is obligated by the ownership of the body, not by the benefit derived from it.
Required (Wajib)He should disburse it (Zakat al-Fitr) in the country where it became obligatory upon him.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to give out vinegar or date molasses (as Zakat al-Fitr) because they are not staple foods.
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Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)If the usurped animal was pasturing (sā'imah) but fed (ma'lūfah) by both its owner and the usurper, then there is no Zakat on it.
Required (Wajib)The Sharia made it obligatory to give something other than the same kind (of camels) when the number is less than twenty-five camels.
Permissible (Mubah)And if he wishes, he may give female animals instead of male animals.
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Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)Because *sadaqa* (charity) becomes binding during one's lifetime without a judge's ruling, but it requires possession.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to provide food for a fasting person to break their fast.
Permissible (Mubah)Everyone for whom obligatory charity is forbidden, such as the rich, the giver's relatives, and non-believers, it is permissible to give them voluntary charity, and for them to take it.
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Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whatever is found from Rikaz, which is treasure buried in the pre-Islamic era, whether little or much, one-fifth of it belongs to the recipients of sadaqat, and the remainder belongs to the finder.
Required (Wajib)And on Rikaaz (buried treasure) is one-fifth.
Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of Zakat on minerals is a quarter of a tenth (2.5%), and it is described as Zakat. This is the saying of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and Malik.
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Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Required (Wajib)He should be given three opportunities to repent.
Forbidden (Haram)He should not be judged as an unbeliever.
Permissible (Mubah)The Imam has a choice when dispatching a collector: if he wishes, he may hire him with a valid contract and pay him what was agreed upon, or if he wishes, he may dispatch him without a contract and pay him a fair wage.
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Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)He [Ali] ordered the owner of the treasure to give it as charity to the poor.
Required (Wajib)And if one finds it in this land on its surface, or in an untrodden path, or a ruined village, then it is likewise in ruling (meaning khums is due).
The buried treasure (rukaz) to which the obligation of khums (one-fifth) applies is that which was buried during the period of Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic era).
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Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
Required (Wajib)If the breakage prevents its use, then Al-Qadi said: In my opinion, Zakat is due on it.
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Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.
Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.