Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)According to Abu Hanifa, the feet are not part of the Awrah.
Permissible (Mubah)According to Abu Hanifa, if less than a quarter of a woman's hair, or a quarter of her thigh, or a quarter of her belly is uncovered, her prayer is not invalidated.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a woman to uncover her face in prayer.
+ 173 more rulings
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is not disliked to remove hair with scissors.
Discouraged (Makruh)They only disliked shaving with a razor (in certain contexts, likely in calamity as suggested by the preceding text).
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) forbade Al-Qaza' (shaving part of the head) and said: 'Shave it all or leave it all.'
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted to look at her (face and palms) for the purpose of an engagement.
Preferred (Mustahabb)They (several Tabi'in) recommend that a man should have intimacy with his wife on Friday.
Required (Wajib)If a woman receives her dowry before consummation, and a year passes upon it, and she pays Zakat on it, then her husband divorces her before consummation, he takes back half of the dowry, and the paid Zakat is considered from her remaining half.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Required (Wajib)He (the guardian) must not trade (with the orphan's money) except in safe places.
Required (Wajib)Let him (the guardian) trade (with the orphan's money) and not leave it idle until *sadaqah* (zakat) consumes it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And this (trading/investing with the orphan's money) is more appropriate/preferable than leaving it idle.
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for anyone to benefit from what was given to them to the exclusion of their brothers and sisters.
Required (Wajib)The rest of the heirs have the right to reclaim what was gifted (unjustly).
Required (Wajib)He (the heir who made the admission) is obligated to give the excess that is in his hand to the one he admitted to.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And I dislike it if it is out of favoritism.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The recommended equality is to divide among them according to Allah's division of inheritance, making the male's share equal to that of two females.
Forbidden (Haram)Tawus said: That (differentiating in gifts among children) is not permissible, not even a burnt loaf.
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Therefore, it is not permissible for him to nullify the lineage of one whose lineage is established by his word.
Forbidden (Haram)And there is no `wala` (allegiance/right of inheritance) over him.
Required (Wajib)And the lineage is attributed to him for that reason (of being born from intercourse under misapprehension).
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If a woman claims her husband divorced her three times, and he reconciles with her for money so she withdraws her claim, it is not permissible. This is because it is not permissible for her to offer herself to her divorcee, whether with or without compensation.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a man conditions his wife's divorce or his slave's emancipation on sunrise, it takes effect when the sun appears from the horizon.
Forbidden (Haram)that divorce is forbidden (during menstruation).
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And he is not liable for a prescribed punishment (hadd).
Permissible (Mubah)And the slave woman does not become Umm Walad (mother of his child).
Required (Wajib)If he knew it was forbidden, and that his ownership had ceased, and the sale is not annulled by intercourse, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment (hadd).
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to separate him (the child) from his mother.
Required (Wajib)Her maintenance is from her earnings, and if there is a surplus, it is held in trust, because we have removed the master's ownership from her and established for her the ruling of istilad (being mother of master's child).
If she miscarries him dead, no compensation is due, because we do not know if he was alive before this.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And he (the brother with no child) is not obligated to provide maintenance for him (his brother).
Required (Wajib)The maintenance of the enslaved woman is upon her husband, because he is either a husband or a master, and both are a cause for the obligation of maintenance.
Required (Wajib)The maintenance of the child is upon his father because he is free.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
Required (Wajib)It is stipulated for a mahram that he be an adult and sane.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a non-Muslim father] should not travel with her [his Muslim daughter].
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire her (the wet-nurse) for her food and clothing.
Permissible (Mubah)The people of knowledge have a consensus on the permissibility of hiring a wet-nurse.
Required (Wajib)The wet nurse is obligated to eat and drink what will increase her milk production and improve its quality.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)When a child completes fifteen years, what is for him and what is against him is recorded, and penalties are taken from him.
Required (Wajib)And separate them (children) in beds.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon the guardian of a child to teach him purification and prayer when he reaches seven years of age and to command him with them, and it is obligatory upon him to discipline him for them when he reaches ten years of age.
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the deceased had bequeathed the partnership money, or part of it, to a specific person, then the legatee is like the heir in what we have mentioned.
Required (Wajib)It is not right for a Muslim who sleeps for two nights having something to bequeath, except that his will is written down with him.
Permissible (Mubah)If a man lends another dirhams and says, 'If I die, you are absolved,' it is considered a will.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)One of the two narrations (from Ahmad regarding traveling during the day of Ramadan) is that it is permissible for him to break his fast (on that day).
Discouraged (Makruh)Malik disliked it (fasting six days of Shawwal).
Permissible (Mubah)And He (Allah) permitted her (the pregnant woman) to break her fast in Ramadan if she feared for her child.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for him (the one in i'tikaf) to spend the night there (on the mosque's roof).
Preferred (Mustahabb)Except for the one performing `i'tikaf`, it is recommended for him to go out in his `i'tikaf` clothes, so that the sign of worship and devotion remains upon him.
Permissible (Mubah)The well-known position in the madhhab is that I'tikaf is valid without fasting.
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)If he does that, and water reaches his throat, or he leaves water in his mouth playfully or for cooling, the ruling on it is the same as exceeding three [rinses/sniffings] because it is disliked.
Preferred (Mustahabb)He said: 'Sprinkling water on his chest is more beloved to me.'
Required (Wajib)Whoever intentionally vomits must make up the fast.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Required (Wajib)Ahmad said concerning a woman who deceived her husband (into intercourse during Ramadan): expiation is incumbent upon him and upon her.
Required (Wajib)If you do not find a sacrificial animal, then fast three days during Hajj and seven when you return.
Required (Wajib)If the `Qarin` cannot find `dam` (a sacrificial animal), he must fast three days, the last of which is the Day of Arafat, and seven days when he returns home.
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion is that it is valid to fast them for an obligation, based on what was narrated from Ibn Amr and Aisha, who said: 'No concession was given for fasting during the Days of Tashreeq except for one who could not find a sacrificial animal (i.e., the pilgrim performing Tamattu' Hajj who lacks a Hady).' This is a sahih hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari, and every obligatory fast can be analogized to it.
Forbidden (Haram)Scholars have agreed that fasting on the two Eid days is prohibited and forbidden for voluntary fasts, absolute vows, missed (qada') fasts, and expiatory fasts.
Forbidden (Haram)In summary, the days of Tashreeq are also prohibited from fasting.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Required (Wajib)Whoever dies with fasts due upon him, his guardian should fast on his behalf.
Permissible (Mubah)It is narrated that making up fasts (qada') during the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah is not disliked.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad and Ishaq considered it recommended (mustahabb) to avoid using the siwak in the afternoon (for a fasting person).
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said: I do not like for the fasting person to use siwak in the afternoon.
Discouraged (Makruh)It was narrated from him (Ahmad) that using a wet siwak stick (while fasting) is disliked.
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)Ibn Hamid said: That (intending it to be obligatory) is obligatory.
Forbidden (Haram)If one intends on the night of doubt, saying, 'If tomorrow is Ramadan, I am fasting it as an obligatory fast, otherwise it is a voluntary fast,' then according to the first narration, it is not sufficient.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is sufficient according to the other narration.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Similarly, if he sets up sickles for hunting and mentions God's name, and it kills game, it is permissible for him to eat it, and it is as if it was slaughtered.
Forbidden (Haram)And the prohibition of hunting it (the solid black dog).
If he did not prepare it (a ship for hunting), he does not own what falls into it.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not valid to buy wine nor to sell it.
Forbidden (Haram)The sale of alcohol is not permissible, nor is appointing an agent for its sale, nor buying it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to sell it (alcohol).
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)For that which grows for perfume and from which perfume is made, such as roses, violets, jasmine, and khayri, if one uses or smells it, expiation is due.
Forbidden (Haram)Its thorns are not to be cut, nor its trees felled (within the Sacred Precinct of Mecca).
Permissible (Mubah)Regarding narcissus and barm, there are two views; one of them is that it is permissible without expiation.
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he departs (from Arafah) before sunset and does not return until the sun has set, then a sacrificial animal (dam) is obligatory upon him.
Required (Wajib)Whoever stands at Arafah on the Day of Arafah during the day, it is obligatory upon him to stand until sunset, in order to combine between night and day in the standing.
Required (Wajib)If one stands at Arafah during the day, or departs before the Imam, a sacrificial animal (dam) is obligatory upon him.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is permitted to slaughter it at the place where he is prevented, whether it is within the sacred precinct or outside it.
Required (Wajib)And upon whoever exits ihram due to being prevented, there is a sacrificial animal (hady), according to the majority of scholars.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for the one who is prevented (muḥṣar) to slaughter all other sacrificial animals in the place where he exits ihram.
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)And he should say between the two corners (Rukn Yamani and Black Stone): 'Our Lord, grant us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and protect us from the punishment of the Fire.'
Discouraged (Makruh)If one doubts the number of tawaf rounds after completing it, he should not pay attention to that doubt.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to say: 'O Allah, make it an accepted Hajj, a thanked effort, and a forgiven sin. My Lord, forgive and have mercy, and pardon what You know, for You are the Most Mighty, the Most Generous.'
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint a proxy for voluntary Hajj for one who has performed the obligatory Hajj and is able to perform Hajj himself. This is the view of Abu Hanifa.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to appoint a proxy for voluntary Hajj for one who has performed the obligatory Hajj and is able to perform Hajj himself. This is the madhhab of Shafi'i.
Required (Wajib)The sacrifice for Qiran is incumbent upon the proxy if he was not permitted for it, due to the lack of permission for its cause.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: Whoever matted, tied, or braided their hair (during ihram), must shave it.
Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
Permissible (Mubah)The scholars are unanimous that trimming the hair is sufficient.
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Muhammad ibn al-Hasan said it is accepted because she reached a state where he is not accused (of favoritism).
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to an heir, and that person then ceases to be an heir (e.g., a man acknowledges to his brother when he has no child, then a son is born to him), his acknowledgment to him is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to someone who is not an heir, and that person then becomes an heir, his acknowledgment to him is valid.
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, your blood and your wealth are sacred/forbidden.
Required (Wajib)Therefore, his admission must be accepted.
Forbidden (Haram)He (the usurper) does not have the right to remove them (if the additions were also usurped or belonged to the owner).
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The third view is that it is valid, and he is admitting to two dirhams.
Permissible (Mubah)If one acknowledges having 'wealth,' its interpretation as little or much wealth is accepted (by the Hanbalis and Shafi'is).
Abu Hanifa said: Its interpretation (of 'wealth' in an acknowledgment) is not accepted with anything other than wealth subject to zakat.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)And he will be pursued for these (new) debts after the interdiction is lifted from him.
Required (Wajib)If a person under interdiction admits to something that necessitates a *hadd* punishment, or *qisas*, or divorces his wife, that is binding upon him.
Forbidden (Haram)However, the owners of these (new) debts do not share with the original creditors, because they consented to this when they knew he was bankrupt and dealt with him, and whoever did not know was negligent in that regard.
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The Imam (ruler) is not to set prices for the people; rather, people sell their goods as they choose.
Discouraged (Makruh)However, it is disliked for him to enter another's property except with their permission.
Permissible (Mubah)If the judge permits the hirer to spend from his own money in a reasonable manner, so that it becomes a debt upon the camel driver, it is permissible.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a person claims against another a deposit, a loan, or negligence in a deposit or partnership, and the other denies it, and they then reconcile, the reconciliation is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If they agree that the owner of the house reconciles with him for his building by paying compensation, it is permissible.
Required (Wajib)If there is evidence that directs the wording towards one of the two meanings, it is then applied according to that evidence.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)If the crime is against anything less than life, then the right belongs to the master.
Required (Wajib)And he ransoms them with their value on the day of birth.
Required (Wajib)If the master chooses to ransom the slave who committed an offense, he is obligated to pay the lesser of two things: the slave's value or the compensation for his offense.
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Required (Wajib)We only made obligatory the lesser of the two values (in cases where qisas is executed on a pledged slave).
Required (Wajib)If he pardons for compensation, his pardon is valid, and the lesser of the two values is obligatory (as compensation).
Required (Wajib)The wage for the execution of qisas is upon the one who carries out the retaliation.
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)He is obligated to make up what he missed of worship during his apostasy and during his Islam before his apostasy (according to another opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy, nor during his Islam before his apostasy (according to one opinion).
Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)(The Prophet said to Abu Sayyara after he agreed to pay Zakat on his honey): 'Then protect its mountain.' So, he (the Prophet) protected it for him.
Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
Required (Wajib)And the Companions, may Allah be pleased with them, agreed to fight those who withhold it (Zakat).
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he was aware of the prohibition, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment of unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
Permissible (Mubah)If the sold item was a female slave and the buyer had intercourse with her, there is no hadd punishment upon him because he believed she was his property.
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him to take compensation for performing what is obligatory upon him.
Required (Wajib)The statement of the one who affirms is given precedence.
Permissible (Mubah)The one who is asked is not obligated to reply.
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)Ibn Abbas said to a woman whose husband had intercourse with her before she shortened her hair (after Umrah or Hajj): 'You must offer a fidyah consisting of fasting, charity, or a sacrifice.'
Required (Wajib)As for a vow, Ibn Aqil said: he is obligated by what he intended.
Required (Wajib)If he (the slave) is freed, he is obligated to fulfill it (the vowed Hajj) after performing the Hajj of Islam.
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the road is narrow, or if one digs it in a passage where people walk, such that there is fear of a person or animal falling into it, or it restricts their passage, then that is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)As for the rest of the Muslim imams (rulers), it is not permissible for them to establish a protected grazing area for themselves for anything.
Permissible (Mubah)As for the Prophet, peace be upon him, it was permissible for him to establish a protected grazing area for himself and for the Muslims.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If someone informs him based on their personal ijtihad, he should not follow them, but should exert his own ijtihad until he is reasonably sure.
Forbidden (Haram)Predominant opinion, if not regulated by a legal criterion, is not given attention.
Required (Wajib)If one doubts when two matters conflict, both must be dropped, like when two pieces of evidence conflict, and one must revert to certainty.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one does not believe in the truth of what he pronounces, his Islam is not valid internally.
Permissible (Mubah)As for stipends from the public treasury, it is permissible for those whose benefit extends to the Muslims, because the public treasury is for the interests of the Muslims. So, if giving it to someone whose benefit extends to the Muslims, and who is in need of it, it is among the public interests, and it is permissible for the recipient to take it because they are among its rightful beneficiaries.
Required (Wajib)Thus, he (the donee) must be compensated for what he spent on its value.
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Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in marking the grave with a stone or wood.
Required (Wajib)If two people dispute over burial in a public graveyard, the one who was earlier has precedence.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal (in precedence regarding a burial spot in a public graveyard), then lots should be drawn between them.
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Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And a man who enslaves a freed person (is among those whose prayer is not accepted).
Required (Wajib)He (the slave) is free. And the slave must return the wages for four years of service.
Required (Wajib)If the seller frees (a slave) during the option period of a sale, his manumission is not effective.
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Separating an animal (other than a female slave) from its child is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, every dog that is permissible to keep, because it is a beneficial object whose acquisition is permitted, its destruction is therefore forbidden, like a sheep.
Permissible (Mubah)The jet-black dog is permissible to kill.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Speaking little in matters that are not beneficial is recommended in all circumstances.
Forbidden (Haram)Wasting wealth is forbidden.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And if one is not in the mosque, he should spit to his left or under his foot.
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whenever his guardian permits him to transact, his transaction is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him (the guardian) to donate from the orphan's wealth.
Permissible (Mubah)The preferred view (madhab) is that the waqf of ornaments is valid because adornment is among the important purposes, custom is established for it, and Islamic law has considered it by exempting its wearers from zakat, and permitted its rental for that purpose.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)He should visit them and try to persuade them to leave (the usurped land).
Forbidden (Haram)Otherwise (if they don't leave the usurped land), he should not stay with them.
Required (Wajib)And he should not abandon visiting them (even if they are on usurped land).
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)There is no disagreement among our companions that the use of gold and silver vessels is forbidden (haram).
Forbidden (Haram)As for objects plated with gold or silver, if the plating is extensive, it is forbidden in all circumstances, whether it is gold or silver, and whether for a need or otherwise.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to possess (or make) gold and silver vessels.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And its (the scattered item's) taking is permitted.
Permissible (Mubah)If the heirs agree that the buried treasure did not belong to their deceased, then it belongs to the first owner.
Permissible (Mubah)If the first owner is not known, then it is treated like lost property whose owner is unknown.
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)that all legal stratagems are invalid.
Forbidden (Haram)If one intended a legal stratagem, and meant by the condition of cutting (the fruit) a stratagem to keep it, then the sale is not valid under any circumstance.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if they collude on that (i.e., a trick), it is not permissible and is a forbidden stratagem.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Thus, each of the two matters (dividing or endowing conquered land) was permissible, and the decision in that regard belongs to the Imam, who may do whatever he deems appropriate.
Required (Wajib)And every place conquered by force is an endowment for the Muslims.
Permissible (Mubah)If a person is able to acquire rukaz in enemy territory by themselves, it belongs to the finder, and its ruling is the same as if it were found in barren land in Muslim territory.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for what they display publicly, it is obligatory to denounce it.
Forbidden (Haram)That they should not part their hair, so as not to resemble Muslims (referring to the conditions imposed by Umar on the People of the Book).
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to interfere with them [dhimmis] concerning what they do not display publicly.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If it (the tooth) did not heal, but the hirer refused to have it extracted, he should not be forced to do so.
Permissible (Mubah)Imam Ahmad said: Binding teeth with gold if one fears they might fall out has been done by people, and there is no harm in it out of necessity.
Forbidden (Haram)Because mutilating a part of a human being is fundamentally forbidden, and it is only permitted if its retention becomes harmful.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to your beast of burden or your slave. (Ahmad's instruction regarding the earnings of a cupper).
Required (Wajib)In both cases, it is obligatory to extract the amount of the forbidden, and the rest is permissible for him.
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to exercise ijtihad (taharri), even if the permissible [items] are many.
Required (Wajib)The standard measure is the measure of the people of Medina.
Required (Wajib)Wheat and barley are measurable by volume, as explicitly stated in the Prophet's saying: 'Wheat for wheat, measure for measure; barley for barley, measure for measure.'
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for one to take another's property to save one's life, and to destroy property to preserve it (meaning what one eats).
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
If both [semen from a male organ and menstruation from a female organ] appear together, he/she is not ruled to be male or female, because the two evidences contradict each other.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If they went out and it rained before they prayed, they should pray in thanks to Allah, praise Him, and supplicate Him.
Required (Wajib)If she (a woman) prays behind a man, she stands behind him.
Discouraged (Makruh)If they prepared to go out [for the rain prayer], but it rained before they went out, they should not go out.
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to perform the Prayer of Fear (Salat al-Khawf) in any manner that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, performed it.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not Sunnah to exceed them (the four takbirs).
Required (Wajib)The minimum supplication is obligatory.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)It is upon him to say 'Allahu Akbar' when prostrating for recitation and when rising from it, whether he is performing prayer or outside of it.
Required (Wajib)Based on this, if both types of forgetfulness (those requiring prostration before peace and those requiring it after) occur, one must prostrate for them before the salutation, because it is more prior and emphasized. The prostration before the salutation becomes obligatory due to its cause, and nothing before it prevents its obligation or takes its place, so he is obligated to perform it. And if he prostrates for it, the second prostration is dropped, as the first suffices for it and takes its place.
Required (Wajib)Al-Awza'i, Ibn Abi Hazim, and Abd al-Aziz ibn Abi Salamah said: If there are two prostrations of forgetfulness due, one before the salutation and the other after it, one should perform them in their respective places.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)Abdullah ibn Mas'ud said: What Masruq did, should be done.
Recommended (Sunnah)Likewise, it is legislated for women's imamate that the imam stands in their midst in all situations.
Forbidden (Haram)He should not wait for him, because waiting for him is an act of partnership in worship, and thus it is not prescribed.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the passerby to return (from where he came).
Permissible (Mubah)If the mosque was built first and then a path, camel pen, or other prohibited places were made underneath it, or if it was not in a graveyard and then a graveyard was established around it, prayer in it is not prevented, without disagreement.
Permissible (Mubah)If the sabat (covered passage) is permissible for him, such as being in a dead-end alley with the owner's permission, or he has a right to it, or the path was established after it, then there is no harm in praying upon it.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)One of the two views is permissibility (to combine prayers for an individual, or one whose path to the mosque is sheltered, or one who is already in the mosque).
Required (Wajib)When he departs (from Arafat to Muzdalifah), there is no prayer except by combining them.
Permissible (Mubah)Ibn Shubrumah said it is permissible to combine prayers if there is a need or some reason, as long as it is not made a habit, citing the hadith of Ibn Abbas that the Prophet combined Dhuhr and Asr, and Maghrib and Isha, without fear or rain.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in counting the verses during prayer.
Discouraged (Makruh)Abu Hanifa and Al-Shafi'i disliked it (counting glorifications in prayer).
Discouraged (Makruh)And he (Al-Hasan) disliked counting anything else in prayer besides verses.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said, regarding a lamp or lantern being in the direction of the Qibla: "I dislike it."
Permissible (Mubah)Indeed, he is not obligated to pray towards four directions.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said: Nothing should be written in the direction of the Qibla.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from praying in three times, and from burying our dead in them: when the sun rises blazing until it is high.
Discouraged (Makruh)Because it is agreed upon that it is disliked (makruh) to pray at that (forbidden) time, as what is best is the opposite.
Required (Wajib)It is narrated from Malik that if one catches the duration of five rak'ahs from the time of the second prayer (of two combined prayers), the first prayer becomes obligatory.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And there is no doubt that it is disliked for such a woman (who has introduced innovations) to go out (to the mosque).
Permissible (Mubah)For if a woman stands in the row of men, her prayer is not invalidated, nor is the prayer of those next to her.
Preferred (Mustahabb)He (Ibn Umar) used to order women to sit cross-legged in prayer.
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in performing ablution (wudu) from bathhouse water.
Obligatory (Fard)When you stand for prayer, perform ablution thoroughly.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for men and women to perform ablution with it (water leftover from a woman's purification).
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)More of it (pus/serous discharge) is excused than what is excused of blood.
Permissible (Mubah)Ibrahim said regarding someone who has a 'habun' (abdominal swelling/ulcer): he prays, and does not wash the discharge, but when he recovers, he washes it.
Required (Wajib)The prayer is repeated for blood the size of a dirham.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And he should seek Allah's forgiveness.
Forbidden (Haram)That is not permissible, and the obligatory prayer does not fall away due to uncertainty.
Permissible (Mubah)What is above the izar (waist wrapper) is permissible.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: He is obligated to buy water if he does not have its price but it is offered to him on credit, which he can pay in his town, because he is able to acquire it without harm.
Permissible (Mubah)Abu al-Hasan al-Amidi said: He is not obligated to buy water because there is harm for him in the debt remaining on his liability, and perhaps his wealth will be destroyed before he can pay it.
Permissible (Mubah)If he does not have in his town what would pay its price, he is not obligated to buy it because there is harm for him.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If one gifts water after the prayer time has begun (when that water is needed for purification), the gift is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)A large stone that has three facets (or projections) serves the purpose of three stones for istijmar (purification with stones/solid objects).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to perform istinja' with something attached to an animal, such as its hand, heel, the tail of an animal, or its wool that is still attached to it.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)Required (Wajib)If some of the hair is thick and some is sparse, then it is obligatory to wash the skin beneath the sparse part along with its surface, and the surface of the thick part.
Permissible (Mubah)And if these hairs are washed, then they fall off, or a piece of skin peels from his hands, or his nail is clipped or falls off, it does not affect his purification.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to wash what hangs down from the beard.
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for circumcision, it is not prescribed (for the deceased) because it is the removal of a part of his body.
Permissible (Mubah)The well-known opinion from Ahmad is that the husband may wash his wife.
Recommended (Sunnah)There is no head covering in her shroud [for a pre-pubescent girl].
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)[Regarding a dhimmi convert to Islam seeking purification through circumcision], there is no escape from that (it is indispensable for him).
Preferred (Mustahabb)[Regarding an adult male or female convert], it is more beloved to me that they purify themselves (through circumcision).
Recommended (Sunnah)Circumcision is Sunnah for men.
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Al-Qadi said: The analogy of the madhhab is that he (the seller) has the right to return (the item) because it lost a quality.
Permissible (Mubah)Whatever is permissible to benefit from, it should be permissible to sell it.
Forbidden (Haram)The sale of carrion hide before tanning is not permissible, by unanimous agreement.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if the item is destroyed before its parts are consumed, he guarantees it all, including its parts.
Permissible (Mubah)So its compensation is not obligatory.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to return the loaned item if it is still existing, without dispute.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he (the buyer) bought it with unpollinated dates, and then pollinated them, and then the pre-emptor took it, the pre-emptor takes the original asset (land and trees) but not the fruits, and takes the land and palm trees for their share of the price.
Forbidden (Haram)Its principal (waqf property) is not to be sold, nor bought, nor gifted, nor inherited.
Permissible (Mubah)If the mosque or waqf property is ruined, it returns to the ownership of its endower.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whichever of them provides the seeds, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for the seeds to be provided by the worker.
Permissible (Mubah)The apparent position of the madhhab is that an agricultural sharecropping contract (muzara'ah) is only valid if the seeds are provided by the landowner and the labor by the worker.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If the landowner says, "I lease you half of this land for half of your seeds, half of your benefit, the benefit of your cows, and your tools," and the farmer provides all the seeds, then this contract is not valid because the benefit (as a component of rent) is unknown.
Forbidden (Haram)Similarly, if one makes the agricultural output a rent for another land or a house, it is not permissible. In such a case, the entire crop belongs to the farmer, and he must pay the equivalent rent for the land.
Permissible (Mubah)If the benefit (as a component of rent) can be known and precisely defined without variation, and the seeds are known, then such a contract is permissible, and the crop is shared between them.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is valid to pledge an apostate, a killer in warfare, or an offender, whether their offense was intentional or accidental, against life or anything less.
Permissible (Mubah)If he was not aware, and then became aware after the apostate embraced Islam and the offender was ransomed, then it is likewise (he has no option), because the defect has been removed, just as if a defect in a sold item was removed.
Permissible (Mubah)If he became aware before that, he has the right to return it and annul the sale if it was stipulated in a sale contract, because the condition required it to be sound, and if it was delivered to him defective, he possessed the right to annul, like in a sale.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Regarding a man who endows a horse for the sake of Allah, and it has a silver-plated bridle: it remains as he endowed it.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no difference whether one stipulates for oneself the benefit from it for his lifetime, or for a specific known period, and whether he specified the amount he eats from it or left it general.
Permissible (Mubah)The second narration (from Ahmad regarding gifts that generated interest from others) is that he (the father) has the right to revoke it, due to the generality of the tradition, and because the right of the spouse and the creditor did not become attached to the specific asset itself, thus it does not prevent revocation.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the landowner requests its (the usurper's planting or building) value, but its owner (the usurper) refuses anything but its uprooting, then he has the right to uproot it because it is his property, so he owns its removal.
Permissible (Mubah)He (the usurper) is not compelled to accept the value because it is an exchange, so he is not forced into it.
Permissible (Mubah)If they (the landowner and the usurper) agree to compensate him for it with its value or otherwise, it is permissible, because the right belongs to both of them, so what they agree upon is permissible.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)It is possible that it (ownership) depends on his approval, just as we said regarding someone who buys something for another without their permission, with the price being a debt upon them. If he approves it, it becomes binding upon him; otherwise, it becomes binding upon the purchaser.
Forbidden (Haram)And the prohibition of selling for less than its market price.
The purchase is valid and is contingent upon the principal's approval.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Ibn Mas'ud said: 'Two transactions in one transaction is usury (riba).'
Forbidden (Haram)If the Riba causes of two items differ (e.g., a measured item for a weighed item, like selling meat for wheat), one opinion holds that deferred payment (nasa') between them is forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to have deferred payment between two counter-values if one is a price (thaman) and the other is a priced item (muthamman), without any disagreement.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If one says, 'I guarantee so-and-so if you bring him at such-and-such a time, otherwise I am guarantor for so-and-so,' or 'I guarantee the money owed by so-and-so,' then Al-Qadi stated that it is not valid in both cases, because the first is time-bound and the second is conditional.
Permissible (Mubah)If the first guarantor pays it, he has recourse against the original debtor, but not against the guarantor for the debtor.
Permissible (Mubah)If the lease contract is invalid, the leased item is also not guaranteed if it perishes without negligence or transgression.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The seller has the right to revoke the sale, and the lender has the right to reclaim what he lent.
Forbidden (Haram)The seller and the lender do not have the right to reclaim it from the master under any circumstances.
If the property was destroyed, the seller or lender is entitled to its value or its equivalent if it was a fungible item. If it was destroyed while in the master's possession, he can claim it from the master, or if he wishes, the claim can be tied to the slave's person because the slave took it. If it was destroyed while in the slave's possession, then the claim is against the slave.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)His (the guardian's) sale on behalf of adults is not valid.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for him (the guardian) to build real estate for him (the orphan).
Permissible (Mubah)Our companions (Hanbalis) said: It is permissible for a guardian to sell on behalf of minors and adults if their rights are shared in real estate where its division would cause harm, and the minors have a need for the sale, either to pay a debt or for their upkeep.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he knows its owner, he is obligated to inform him; if he does not do so, he becomes liable for it.
Permissible (Mubah)If he (the second party) knew the situation, he (the first party) can claim from him.
Forbidden (Haram)If the second party guaranteed (paid) with knowledge of the situation, he cannot claim from the first party.
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)The earning of a cupper is disliked.
Permissible (Mubah)Paying the cupper's fee is not disliked.
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: 'The sale of singing girls is not permissible, nor are their prices, nor their earnings.'
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)The offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) are only conditioned (required) in general cases where there is no established custom between the giver and receiver.
Permissible (Mubah)However, with contextual clues and indications, there is no reason to restrict (the contract/transfer) to verbal expression.
Required (Wajib)If there is no custom indicating consent, then a verbal statement indicating it is necessary.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It would become clear that the reconciliation was invalid (if it turns out he is unable to deliver it, because the condition of ability to possess it was absent at the time of contract).
Forbidden (Haram)The reconciliation is not valid (if one acknowledges the validity of the claim but cannot take possession of the item).
Forbidden (Haram)If one reconciles for accidental killing with more than its blood money (diyah) of the same type, it is not permissible. Similarly, if one destroys a slave or anything else, and reconciles for it with more than its value of the same type, it is not permissible.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to replace the specific animal in a grazing contract.
Permissible (Mubah)Muhammad ibn al-Hasan stated that in cases of deviation (excess or deficiency), the owner of the garment has the choice between giving the garment to the weaver and demanding the price of his yarn, or taking it and paying the weaver the agreed amount for the excess, or a proportionate share for the deficient woven part.
Permissible (Mubah)If some of the specified animals in a grazing contract perish, the rental contract for that portion becomes void, and the shepherd is entitled to a proportionate wage for the remaining animals.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)If any part of the mortgagee's debt remains, he shares in it with the other creditors.
Required (Wajib)Then, one sells perishable wet food (from the insolvent's assets).
Required (Wajib)If currencies are equal in prevalence (for an insolvent's assets), one should sell with the type of currency in which the debt is denominated.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Then the analogical deduction of the madhhab is that he is absolved (from compensation).
Permissible (Mubah)Similarly, the offspring of a borrowed item is not compensated if it is not found with its mother.
If he returns it to the place from which he took it, or to the owner's property, he is not absolved from its compensation.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And shroud your dead in them (white garments).
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended that the shroud be white.
Recommended (Sunnah)The Sunnah is to make a niche (lahd) for the grave of the deceased.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It (melodious adhan) is not valid, due to what Al-Daraqutni narrated with his chain from Ibn Abbas, who said: 'The Prophet (peace be upon him) had a muezzin who used to make his adhan melodious. The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) said: Indeed, the adhan is easy and lenient. If your adhan is easy and lenient, then it is good, otherwise do not give adhan.'
Forbidden (Haram)The last thing the Prophet (peace be upon him) entrusted me with was to appoint a muezzin who would not take a wage for his adhan.
Preferred (Mustahabb)The Adhan is nevertheless better.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said: If a woman mentions what was narrated from Fatima, in the form of supplication, it is not like wailing. Meaning, there is no harm in it.
Forbidden (Haram)As for speaking, drinking, and the state of war, it is not valid to use any of them for determination (of whether one is treated as a direct martyr).
Required (Wajib)The correct view is that the determination (of whether one is treated as a direct martyr for funeral rites) is by the length of separation (from battle) or by eating.
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And if (the number of people stepped over) is many, we dislike it.
Permissible (Mubah)If he steps over one or two people, there is no harm, because it is a small matter and excused.
Permissible (Mubah)One of the narrations (regarding seeing an open space that can only be reached by stepping over people) is that he may step over.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)The prayer (salat) here means supplication and blessing, and it is not obligatory.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for one who returns from Hajj to say what Al-Bukhari narrated from Abdullah bin Umar, that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, when he returned from a battle, Hajj, or Umrah, would say 'Allahu Akbar' upon every elevated piece of land, then say: "There is no god but Allah alone, He has no partner; His is the dominion, and to Him belongs all praise, and He is over all things competent. Returning, repenting, worshipping, to our Lord praising. Allah has fulfilled His promise, helped His servant, and defeated the confederates alone."
Forbidden (Haram)Shortening prostration has been forbidden, which means gathering the verses of prostration and reciting them all at one time.
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)People of innovation should not be visited if they fall ill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)All of that (referring to giving gifts for affection and charity) is recommended and encouraged.
Permissible (Mubah)Asking (for charity) is not permissible except for one of three: a man afflicted by destitution until three people of wisdom from his folk say, 'So-and-so has been afflicted by destitution,' then asking becomes permissible for him until he attains a sufficiency of livelihood or a decent living.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If one recites the entire Quran in three days, it is good.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Beautify the Quran with your voices.
Forbidden (Haram)Do not use it (the Quran) to earn a living, and do not seek abundance through it.
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)When the covering of the Kaaba is removed, it should be given as charity.
Discouraged (Makruh)Nor should one bring (soil) into it (the Haram) from the non-sacred area (Hill).
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not take anything from the perfume of the House (Kaaba).
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for intoxication, whoever drinks a forbidden substance that removes his intellect for a period, it does not affect the dropping of religious obligations, and he must make up what he missed during the state of his intellect being removed.
Permissible (Mubah)If a disbeliever was originally so, they are not obligated to make up the acts of worship they missed during their disbelief, concerning which we know of no disagreement.
Forbidden (Haram)If one person performs ijtihad and another wishes to follow him without performing ijtihad himself, it is not permissible for him to do so, and he cannot pray until he performs his own ijtihad, whether the time for prayer is ample or so narrow that he fears its expiry.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)Our companions said: It should be spent on four categories: his relatives who are not heirs, the poor, jihad, and Hajj. Abu al-Khattab said: And from him (Ahmad) there is an opinion that ransoming captives can replace Hajj.
Required (Wajib)If one bequeaths for 'doors of righteousness,' it should be spent on anything that constitutes righteousness and proximity to Allah.
Required (Wajib)If a man acknowledges the freedom of a slave and then buys him, or if two men testify to the freedom of a slave belonging to someone else and their testimony is rejected, then one of them buys him from his master, the slave is freed immediately, due to his admission that what he bought is free.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for those who are permissible for her in some state, such as her slave or her sister's husband, they are not mahram for her. Ahmad explicitly stated this.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to bring out animals, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) did not do so.
Discouraged (Makruh)As for young women and those who are attractive, it is not recommended for them to go out, because the harm in their going out outweighs the benefit.
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And he should encourage him towards repentance and making a will.
Recommended (Sunnah)Closing the eyes of the deceased is sunnah immediately after death.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Turning (the dying person) towards the Qibla is recommended to be done before death.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said: A boy should be shrouded in a single piece of cloth.
Permissible (Mubah)The minimum that suffices for shrouding is one garment that covers all of it.
Permissible (Mubah)And if a boy is shrouded in three garments, there is no harm.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Silence from speech, and the apparent meaning of the narrations is its prohibition.
Forbidden (Haram)'There is no silence from day until night.'
Forbidden (Haram)that this is not permissible.
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to bury in a coffin.
Recommended (Sunnah)The grave should be raised about a handspan above the ground.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise it with more than its own soil.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)Allah urged His believing servants to go forth to gain understanding in religion, saying – and He is the most truthful of speakers: "Why then does not a party from every group among them go forth to gain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware?"
Required (Wajib)He is killed for his disbelief like an apostate, so he is not washed, nor shrouded, nor buried among Muslims, nor does anyone inherit from him, nor does he inherit from anyone.
Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)The implication of this is that it is obligatory for him to accept the news, even if the judge rejects it.
Required (Wajib)If a trustworthy informant informs someone of the sighting of the crescent, fasting becomes obligatory for them.
Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the dowry was a debt, and the wife absolved the husband of it after a year had passed, there are two narrations: one is that Zakat is obligatory upon her because she disposed of it, similar to if she had taken possession. (The text later affirms this as the sounder opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)And He [Allah] removed the obligation of Zakat from their [women's] jewelry.
Obligatory (Fard)He (the Prophet) said: Zakat. So he (the Bedouin) asked: Is there anything else upon me? He (the Prophet) said: No, unless you volunteer something.
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the land only yields crops subject to zakat, the 'kharaj' (land tax) is paid from its produce, and zakat is paid on what remains.
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said: There is nothing (no Zakat) on cotton.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no Zakat on flowers such as saffron, safflower, and cotton.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Required (Wajib)He (the Prophet) commanded him (Mu'adh) to distribute the charity among their poor and did not command him to carry it to Medina.
Discouraged (Makruh)The charity (Zakat) of a people should not be taken out of their country to another country, unless there is a surplus from them (after fulfilling the needs of their poor).
Forbidden (Haram)Charity is not permissible for the Prophet (peace be upon him) and his household; this includes Zakat al-Fitr, Zakat on wealth, and charity a person gives to a needy individual intending thereby the pleasure of Allah Almighty.
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Required (Wajib)Al-Tahawi said: One should give five ratls of what has equal volume and weight, such as raisins and mash beans (for Zakat al-Fitr).
Preferred (Mustahabb)As for Zakat al-Fitr, I (Imam Ahmad) prefer that it be given to the ruler.
Required (Wajib)He should disburse it (Zakat al-Fitr) in the country where it became obligatory upon him.
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)Required (Wajib)And for every forty (cattle), a musinnah (a two-year-old cow is due).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to give defective animals instead of sound ones for Zakat.
Required (Wajib)And from cattle, for every thirty, a tabi' or tabi'ah (a one-year-old calf is due).
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not buy back the purification of your wealth (referring to zakat or charity).
Preferred (Mustahabb)Giving charity to relatives is recommended.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for relatives to take from voluntary charity.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)And on Rikaaz (buried treasure) is one-fifth.
Permissible (Mubah)And because the default principle is that there is no obligation upon it (i.e., ambergris).
Permissible (Mubah)As for fish, there is nothing (owed) on it at all, according to the unanimous opinion of all scholars.
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If there is no need to sell the sadaqah, then Al-Qadi stated that it is not permissible, the sale is void, and the collector is liable for compensation.
Forbidden (Haram)His offspring should not be enslaved.
Required (Wajib)If each of them paid his Zakat and the Zakat of his companion together, at the same time, then each of them guarantees the share of his companion.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)The Khums (one-fifth) is obligatory on both small and large amounts of Rikaz (buried treasure).
Required (Wajib)As for its amount, it is one-fifth.
Required (Wajib)He [Ali] ordered the owner of the treasure to give it as charity to the poor.
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
Required (Wajib)If the breakage prevents its use, then Al-Qadi said: In my opinion, Zakat is due on it.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.
Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.