Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to cover with something that conceals the color of the skin. If it is thin and reveals the skin color, allowing its whiteness or redness to be known, then prayer in it is not permissible because covering is not achieved thereby.
Required (Wajib)Ahmad said: He prays in it (the impure garment) and does not pray naked.
Permissible (Mubah)A silver ring is permissible for men.
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Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The Sacred Law permitted adornment absolutely without restriction.
Permissible (Mubah)Adornment (with gold and silver) is permitted for women.
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (peace be upon him) prohibited a woman from connecting anything to her head.
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Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Thus, no option (khiyar) is established in it (marriage) for that reason, and therefore, neither the option of stipulation (khiyar al-shart) nor the option of inspection (khiyar al-ru'yah) is established in it.
Forbidden (Haram)If she entered Ihram without his permission, he [the husband] does not possess the right to nullify it.
Permissible (Mubah)Then he [the husband] has the right to prevent her from going out for it and entering Ihram for it, because it is not obligatory upon her.
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Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the guardian reclaims the orphan's property for the orphan, it is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)If he reclaims it for himself, it is not permissible.
Required (Wajib)And he is liable for it, because he took possession of it in a manner he was not permitted to.
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Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one of the heirs admits to the debt, they are obligated to pay a portion of the debt equal to their inheritance share, and they have the choice to hand over their share towards the debt or to settle it themselves.
Required (Wajib)The money should be guaranteed from his estate (if the deceased swallowed someone else's money by force, according to the first view).
Required (Wajib)He (the heir who made the admission) is obligated to give the excess that is in his hand to the one he admitted to.
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Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)And al-Hasan disliked it (i.e., differentiating in gifts among children).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman to give a gift until her husband permits it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman to give a gift except with her husband's permission.
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Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)If only the brother acknowledges him, his lineage is not established.
Forbidden (Haram)If two just men acknowledge a lineage that shares inheritance with them, and there is another heir besides them, the lineage is not established unless they testify to it (as witnesses).
Permissible (Mubah)If one acknowledges the lineage of a deceased person, whether a minor or insane, his lineage is established, and he inherits from him.
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Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)Required (Wajib)She is a free Muslim woman, and I would not keep her for you after you uttered her divorce.
Permissible (Mubah)If an interdicted person performs khul', his khul' is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)However, the compensation (from khul') should not be handed over to him (the interdicted person).
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Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Required (Wajib)His child from her is free.
Permissible (Mubah)The prescribed punishment (hadd) is not obligatory with any of these ambiguities (shubuhat).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the pledgee to have sexual intercourse with a pledged female slave, by scholarly consensus.
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Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)If she dies and leaves behind wealth, then the seller is entitled to the amount of her price; because if he is truthful, he deserves her price from the buyer, and her estate belongs to the buyer, and the buyer admits her to the seller, so he takes from it the amount he claims.
If she miscarries him dead, no compensation is due, because we do not know if he was alive before this.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to marry off a waqf (endowed) slave girl.
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Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he needs a cloak or a fur coat to ward off cold, that should be provided to him.
Required (Wajib)The maintenance of the enslaved woman is upon her husband, because he is either a husband or a master, and both are a cause for the obligation of maintenance.
Required (Wajib)The maintenance of the child is upon his father because he is free.
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Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a non-Muslim father] should not travel with her [his Muslim daughter].
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel a day's journey except with a mahram.
Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a boy is] not a mahram until he reaches puberty.
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Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If a woman has her own child, it is not permissible to hire her out for wet nursing, unless her milk is in excess of what her own child needs.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a man to hire out his slave woman, his mudabbara, his umm walad, one whose emancipation is conditional, and one permitted to engage in trade, for wet nursing.
Required (Wajib)The wet nurse is obligated to eat and drink what will increase her milk production and improve its quality.
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Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)As for age, puberty for boys and girls is at fifteen years.
Required (Wajib)And separate them (children) in beds.
Forbidden (Haram)If discipline is possible without hitting, then hitting is not permissible, as it involves harm and pain that can be avoided.
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Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)A will is binding on the heir.
Permissible (Mubah)A bequest to an heir is valid, according to the soundest of two narrations, and is contingent upon the approval of the other heirs.
Required (Wajib)It is not right for a Muslim who sleeps for two nights having something to bequeath, except that his will is written down with him.
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Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)The best fasting after the month of Ramadan is Allah's month, Muharram.
Permissible (Mubah)If one continues fasting from one pre-dawn meal (suhoor) to the next (i.e., fasting two consecutive days but having suhoor for both), it is permissible.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Breaking the fast promptly (at sunset) is preferable.
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Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)That he is permitted to visit the sick, attend a funeral, and return to his place of `itikaf`.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Except for the one performing `i'tikaf`, it is recommended for him to go out in his `i'tikaf` clothes, so that the sign of worship and devotion remains upon him.
Permissible (Mubah)Anything that is necessary and cannot be done inside the mosque, he may leave for it, and his I'tikaf is not invalidated by this, as long as he does not prolong his absence.
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Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Required (Wajib)Ibn Hamid and Al-Qadi said that expiation is also obligatory upon him (if he withdraws immediately at dawn).
For any matter that overwhelmed the fasting person (such as compulsion or forgetfulness), neither make-up nor anything else (like expiation) is due upon him. This is an interpretation of a narration from Ahmad.
Required (Wajib)The apparent view of the Hanbali madhhab, explicitly stated by Ahmad, is that one who had intercourse forgetfully while fasting is treated like one who did it intentionally, implying expiation and make-up are due.
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Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Required (Wajib)Gather thirty poor people, feed them once, and satisfy them (if thirty days were missed).
Permissible (Mubah)The correct view is its permissibility (to give its value), for what we have mentioned, and because it is a right for which one of the two prices suffices, so the other also suffices, like all other rights.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible (to give its value) because it is an expiation, which is specific to certain types of wealth, like other expiations.
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Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)We preferred for him (the pilgrim) to break his fast on that day, so he could gain strength for supplication.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not allowed to fast on the two Eid days, nor on the days of Tashreeq, neither as an obligatory fast nor as a voluntary one.
Forbidden (Haram)If one intends to fast on these days (Eid or Tashreeq), they are disobedient, and it does not suffice for an obligatory fast.
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Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)Then fast on behalf of your mother.
Required (Wajib)Whoever dies with fasts due upon him, his guardian should fast on his behalf.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Rather, it is recommended to perform make-up fasts during them (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah), according to those who forbid voluntary fasting before fulfilling an obligatory fast.
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Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad and Ishaq considered it recommended (mustahabb) to avoid using the siwak in the afternoon (for a fasting person).
Permissible (Mubah)The people of knowledge saw no harm in using a dry siwak stick at the beginning of the day (while fasting).
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said: There is no harm in using siwak for a fasting person.
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Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one had an obligatory fast from year five but intended to fast for year six, or intended to fast for Sunday but it was Monday, or thought tomorrow was Sunday and intended for it but it was Monday, their fast is valid.
Required (Wajib)No fast is valid without an intention, by consensus, whether it is an obligatory or voluntary fast.
Required (Wajib)A compulsory fast is not valid unless one intends it at any time during the night.
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General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no penalty upon him if someone shoots game from the non-sacred area and it is killed in the sacred area (Haram).
Required (Wajib)If someone shoots game from the non-sacred area while the game is also in the non-sacred area, but the game is killed in the sacred area (Haram), then a penalty is due.
Required (Wajib)A penalty is due if the game, shot from the non-sacred area, enters then exits the sacred area and is then killed in the non-sacred area.
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Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Its dead (creatures) are lawful (to eat).
Discouraged (Makruh)But if it is in a small container, I do not like it.
Forbidden (Haram)And the animal remains forbidden by default (if the cause of death is unknown).
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Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The acquisition of gold and silver vessels is forbidden for both women and men, as is their use.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
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Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a person in Ihram keeps game until he exits Ihram, his ownership of it remains valid.
Required (Wajib)As for the penalty for hunting (in Ihram or within the Haram sanctuary), it does not overlap. The penalty for each hunted animal is obligatory, whether the acts of hunting occurred separately or at one time.
Required (Wajib)If part of the tree's trunk (root) is in the Hill and part is in the Haram, then cutting any branch is always liable, whether the branch is in the Hill or in the Haram.
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General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: His parents or guardian should stone on behalf of the child.
Required (Wajib)So, it is necessary to offer payment for it (i.e., Hajj by proxy).
Required (Wajib)Then, if he entered Ihram for an obligatory Hajj, expenses should be given to him from his wealth so that he may fulfill the obligation upon himself.
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Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Required (Wajib)And the second is the Hady for being prevented (from continuing Hajj/Umrah), Allah Almighty said: 'What is easy to obtain from the sacrificial animals.' And it is also on a hierarchical basis: if he does not find it, he moves to fasting ten days.
Required (Wajib)And he must provide a replacement for it (the defective obligatory sacrificial animal).
Required (Wajib)Its (an obligatory sacrificial animal not designated by explicit speech) ownership does not cease except by slaughtering it and delivering it to its rightful recipients.
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Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)Because it has been established that Tawaf al-Qudum is prescribed (mashru'), the obligation of Tawaf al-Ziyarah does not negate it.
Recommended (Sunnah)The same ruling applies to the Qarin (combining Hajj and Umrah) and the Mufrid (performing Hajj only); if they did not come to Mecca before the Day of Sacrifice and did not perform Tawaf al-Qudum, then they begin with Tawaf al-Qudum before Tawaf al-Ziyarah. Ahmad also explicitly stated this.
Required (Wajib)If one has a valid excuse that distracts him (from tawaf), he may continue. But if he interrupts it without an excuse or for his own personal need, he must restart the tawaf.
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Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in performing Hajj on behalf of a man, even if his name is not specified.
Discouraged (Makruh)Hasan bin Salih disliked a woman performing Hajj on behalf of a man.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a man to perform Hajj on behalf of another man or a woman, and for a woman to perform Hajj on behalf of another man or a woman, according to the general consensus of the scholars.
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Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: Whoever matted, tied, or braided their hair (during ihram), must shave it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And shaving the head is superior (more virtuous) than trimming it.
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inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to her, then divorces her, then remarries her, and dies during his illness, his acknowledgment to her is not accepted.
Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: It is not permissible. (Referring to the scenario where a father acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
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Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to enter it and graze its grass.
Required (Wajib)As for what he took without the owner's choice, or destroyed, such as usurpation and injury, he is obligated to compensate for it.
Permissible (Mubah)And there is no obligation of compensation upon them for what came into their possession with the owner's choice and authorization, such as price, sold items, loans, and borrowing.
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Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)If someone says, 'If so-and-so testifies against me for a thousand for you, I will believe him,' it is not an acknowledgment, because it is possible to believe a liar.
Layth ibn Sa'd said: (The interpreted amount for 'great wealth' etc. is) seventy-two, because Allah Almighty said: 'Indeed, Allah has helped you in many battlefields' [9:25], and his (the Prophet's) battles and expeditions were seventy-two.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone says, 'You owe me a thousand,' or 'I owe you a thousand,' and the other person replies, 'Yes,' or 'Indeed,' or 'You spoke the truth,' or 'By my life,' or 'I admit it,' or 'I admit what you claimed,' or 'I admit your claim,' then he is considered to have made an acknowledgment in all these cases.
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Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)Most scholars of the cities from the people of Hijaz, Iraq, Sham, and Egypt, consider interdiction necessary for anyone who squanders their money, whether young or old.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended that the bankrupt person attend the sale.
Required (Wajib)He is obligated to fulfill it (i.e., the acknowledgment made before the interdiction was lifted).
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Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He (the one who made the admission) is not obligated to hand it over to the claimant, because the claimant does not claim it.
Required (Wajib)If the claimant says: "You spoke the truth, this is for me, and you admitted to another one for me with you," then he (the one who made the admission) is obligated to hand over this one, and swear to deny the other.
Required (Wajib)If the judge finds money belonging to the camel driver, he must hire someone to act in the camel driver's place to spend on, load, and guard the camels, and perform all necessary actions.
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Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint an agent for claiming rights, establishing them, and litigating over them, whether the principal is present or absent, healthy or sick.
Permissible (Mubah)If it is without his permission (a third party reconciling for an item), it is an act of redeeming the denier from litigation and absolving him from the claim, and that is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)In the matter of accepting reports (as opposed to formal testimony), a woman is considered like a man, and a slave is like a free person.
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Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the master chooses to ransom the slave who committed an offense, he is obligated to pay the lesser of two things: the slave's value or the compensation for his offense.
Required (Wajib)It is due on the day of demand (according to Abu Hanifa).
Required (Wajib)That he ransoms them with their like (meaning in age, traits, gender).
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Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a stranger strikes her abdomen and she miscarries a stillborn fetus, then upon the assailant is a `ghurrah`—a male or female slave for the owner, amounting to the lesser of the fetus's blood money (`arsh`) or its value on the day it was miscarried.
Required (Wajib)And if the one who had intercourse (under misapprehension) strikes her abdomen and she miscarries the fetus stillborn, then upon him is the `ghurrah` also.
Required (Wajib)The wage for the execution of qisas is upon the one from whom retaliation is taken.
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Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
Permissible (Mubah)And if he does not remain steadfast upon it (Islam), then he is an apostate, and the rulings of apostates apply to him.
Permissible (Mubah)He is not obligated to make up what he missed during his apostasy (according to a third, preferred opinion).
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War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)And as for the land concerning which the disbelievers made a peace treaty, on the condition that the land belongs to us (Muslims) and we keep them on it with a known land tax (kharaj), then it is also an endowment (waqf), its ruling is the same as what we mentioned.
Permissible (Mubah)And if the land is transferred to a Muslim, no kharaj is obligatory on it for that reason.
Required (Wajib)As for the land whose people abandoned it out of fear of the Muslims, it becomes an endowment (waqf) simply by virtue of the Muslims gaining control over it.
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Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whoever usurps a slave girl, has intercourse with her, and she conceives, he is liable for the prescribed punishment (hadd), her master takes her and her children, and he must pay her customary dowry.
Permissible (Mubah)If the sold item was a female slave and the buyer had intercourse with her, there is no hadd punishment upon him because he believed she was his property.
Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
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General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if the principal's two sons testify for the opponent regarding the agent's dismissal, their testimony is accepted, and the dismissal is established thereby, because they are testifying against their father.
Required (Wajib)If he (the opponent) swears an oath, the first claim is dropped. Then the second claim against the first is heard, and if he (the first party) denies and swears an oath, both claims are dropped.
Forbidden (Haram)And if such a deficiency does not commonly occur in measuring, his word is not accepted because we verify his falsehood.
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General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Agency is not valid in oaths and vows.
Required (Wajib)The oath is directed at him for each of them (the claimants), stating that he did not usurp it.
Forbidden (Haram)Fasting is not permitted for him (as expiation for Zihar) until he seeks a slave (to free).
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other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever gets to it first and takes it, owns it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for anyone among the people, except for the Imams (rulers), to establish a protected grazing area (hima).
Required (Wajib)The water should be held until it reaches the ankles, then the upper landowner should release it to the lower landowner.
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Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)For that which is permitted due to necessity, is not permitted in its absence.
Required (Wajib)It is therefore obligatory to refer to custom in this matter (determining limits), like in matters of separation and possession.
Permissible (Mubah)If they are equal in his view, he may follow whichever of them he wishes.
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Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Required (Wajib)(A teacher's striking of children should be) commensurate with their sins.
Required (Wajib)And compensation for the loss of virginity (`arsh al-bakara`).
Required (Wajib)Thus, he (the donee) must be compensated for what he spent on its value.
+ 38 more rulings
Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)The precedence of preparing the deceased and the cost of his burial over his debts is agreed upon.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no blame upon the women of Banu al-Mughirah for crying over Abu Sulaiman, as long as there is no *naq'a* (placing dust on the head) or *laqlaqah* (raising the voice in lamentation).
Discouraged (Makruh)And announcing a death (al-Na'i) is disliked, which is to send a caller to announce to the people: 'So-and-so has died,' so that they may attend his funeral, based on what Hudhayfah narrated: 'I heard the Prophet (peace be upon him) forbid announcing a death.'
+ 35 more rulings
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the maintenance of the slave was stipulated upon the hirer, then it remains upon him as it was. But if it was not stipulated upon him, then it is upon his emancipator.
Forbidden (Haram)And a man who enslaves a freed person (is among those whose prayer is not accepted).
Required (Wajib)If the seller frees (a slave) during the option period of a sale, his manumission is not effective.
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Required (Wajib)You must kill the pitch-black dog with two spots, for it is a devil.
Forbidden (Haram)Then he (the Prophet) forbade their killing.
Required (Wajib)He (the Prophet) ordered the killing of dogs.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And destroying it (wealth) is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)Deception is not permissible for a Muslim.
Permissible (Mubah)It is preferable for it (giving Salam) to be permissible, due to its inclusion in the general saying of the Prophet (peace be upon him): 'Spread peace among yourselves.'
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)He is not obliged to accept it, because the legatee's right is specifically tied to its price.
Permissible (Mubah)The preferred view (madhab) is that the waqf of ornaments is valid because adornment is among the important purposes, custom is established for it, and Islamic law has considered it by exempting its wearers from zakat, and permitted its rental for that purpose.
Required (Wajib)And he must pay the value of the child, with which a slave is bought in its place.
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Required (Wajib)And according to us, it is a right that must be enabled (referring to a neighbor placing wood on an adjoining wall).
Permissible (Mubah)so much so that if it (the placed wood) is removed, it is permissible to restore it.
Permissible (Mubah)So, if there is no need for it (the wood placement), he (the owner of the wall) has the right to prevent its placement.
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Al-Qadi said: A small amount of silver is permissible, whether there is a need or not, as we mentioned, except that what is directly used from it, such as a ring (or handle), is not permissible, while what is not directly used, such as a patch, is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)The majority of our companions (Hanbalis) hold that a small amount of gold is not permissible, and nothing of it is permissible except that which is necessitated by dire need, such as a gold nose or what one's teeth are bound with.
Forbidden (Haram)As for objects plated with gold or silver, if the plating is extensive, it is forbidden in all circumstances, whether it is gold or silver, and whether for a need or otherwise.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the first owner is not known, then it is treated like lost property whose owner is unknown.
Permissible (Mubah)Al-Shafi'i said: It belongs to the owner of the house if he acknowledges it, and if he does not acknowledge it, then it belongs to the first owner, because it is in his possession.
Permissible (Mubah)However, if the owner from whom the property transferred claims that it belongs to him, then his word is accepted, because his hand was upon it due to it being in its location.
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)However, if they collude on that (i.e., a trick), it is not permissible and is a forbidden stratagem.
Forbidden (Haram)If one does that as a trick to benefit from an item, or to have intercourse with a slave girl and then return her without compensation, it is not permissible, by unanimous agreement, because all legal stratagems are invalid.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if they do that as a legal trick to buy the fruit before it exists or before its ripeness becomes apparent, then it is not permissible, whether they combine the two contracts or conclude one after the other, due to what we mentioned regarding the invalidation of legal tricks.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Thus, each of the two matters (dividing or endowing conquered land) was permissible, and the decision in that regard belongs to the Imam, who may do whatever he deems appropriate.
Required (Wajib)And every place conquered by force is an endowment for the Muslims.
Required (Wajib)Therefore, he (the Imam) is obliged to do what he deems to be in the public interest, and it is not permissible for him to deviate from it.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to interfere with them [dhimmis] concerning what they do not display publicly.
Forbidden (Haram)That they should not part their hair, so as not to resemble Muslims (referring to the conditions imposed by Umar on the People of the Book).
Required (Wajib)As for what they display publicly, it is obligatory to denounce it.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If safety is the predominant outcome and benefit is hoped for from a medicine, then it is preferable to permit drinking it to avert something more dangerous, just like other medicines.
Forbidden (Haram)because extracting it (a healed tooth) is no longer permissible.
Required (Wajib)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded him to make a nose of gold (due to necessity after his silver one caused infection).
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to the beasts of burden. (A command from the Prophet regarding bread made from the water of the wells of those who wronged themselves).
Forbidden (Haram)If you like Allah to put a bow of fire on your neck, then accept it.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for the recipient to wear it if he knows it is not his garment.
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)The reference for determining what is measured by volume and what is weighed is the customary practice in Hijaz during the era of the Prophet (PBUH).
Forbidden (Haram)So, it is not permissible for [the determination of what is measured by volume or weighed based on Hijaz custom] to change after that.
Required (Wajib)The standard measure is the measure of the people of Medina.
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Required (Wajib)If he has surplus food and finds someone in dire need, it is obligatory to give it to them because it is a state of necessity.
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
If semen is found to exit from the male organ of an intersex person, it is a sign of his puberty and his being male.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)And this loud recitation is prescribed for the Imam.
Recommended (Sunnah)Saying the extended praise (like "Mil' al-sama...") after the Tahmid (e.g., after 'Rabbana wa lakal hamd').
Recommended (Sunnah)Starting prostration by placing the knees down before the hands.
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The second (Friday prayer) is invalid because it takes place in a city where a valid Friday prayer has already been established, which suffices for all others.
Required (Wajib)So, number (of attendees) is a condition for it (the sermon).
Permissible (Mubah)If he does not return or reside upon finding his objective, then he is permitted to shorten the prayer.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)If one doubts an addition that would necessitate the prostration of forgetfulness, then no prostration of forgetfulness is required of him.
Discouraged (Makruh)According to al-Khiraqi's view, one prostrates (for forgetfulness) as long as one is in the mosque, but if one leaves it, one does not prostrate. This was explicitly stated by Ahmad, and it is the view of al-Hakam and Ibn Shubrumah.
Required (Wajib)He must be killed for abandoning a single prayer.
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm in a slight elevation (for the Imam); due to the hadith of Sahl.
Discouraged (Makruh)Therefore, something similar (a significant elevation for the Imam) is not recommended for anyone other than the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace.
Permissible (Mubah)The madhab does not differ on the validity of the prayer of one performing a supererogatory prayer behind one performing an obligatory prayer.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Therefore, prayer towards graves is not valid due to the prohibition concerning it.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to pray facing a person's face.
Discouraged (Makruh)And everything that distracts the worshipper from his prayer (is disliked).
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Required (Wajib)The correct view according to me is that obligatory prayers performed in congregation take precedence over the eclipse prayer in all circumstances.
Required (Wajib)If the eclipse prayer and the funeral prayer coincide, the funeral prayer is given precedence unequivocally.
Required (Wajib)And we do not know of any disagreement among Muslims that one who abandons prayer must make it up.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If something passes far away when there is no sutrah, no ruling applies to it.
Permissible (Mubah)Then he (the Prophet) moved backward, and the rows behind him moved backward until they reached the women, then he moved forward, and the people moved forward with him until he stood in his place (during the eclipse prayer).
Permissible (Mubah)Every time the Prophet (peace be upon him) prostrated, Al-Hasan ibn Ali, who was young, would jump onto his back, and the Prophet (peace be upon him) would gently raise his head until he placed it on the ground.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)For the southern constellations, one should place it in front of their left shoulder (to face the Kaaba).
Forbidden (Haram)If a person doubts their ijtihad regarding the Qibla, they should not deviate from the direction they initially determined.
Required (Wajib)If a person becomes certain of an error in their prayer direction (through observation or certain news), they must turn towards the correct direction and continue their prayer.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from praying during three specific times: when the sun rises until it has fully risen, when the sun is at its zenith until it declines, and when the sun inclines towards setting until it sets.
Required (Wajib)It is narrated from Malik that if one catches the duration of five rak'ahs from the time of the second prayer (of two combined prayers), the first prayer becomes obligatory.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, held that the times when prayer is forbidden are from after Fajr until the sun rises to the height of a spear, and after Asr until the sun sets, and during the sun's zenith until it declines.
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Except that a woman gathers herself (i.e., keeps her limbs close to her body) in bowing (rukoo') and prostrating (sujood).
Discouraged (Makruh)And there is no doubt that it is disliked for such a woman (who has introduced innovations) to go out (to the mosque).
Discouraged (Makruh)And they (women) should not mix with men; rather, they should be to one side of them.
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)That he (Imam Ahmad, as per Khalal) does not wash it (the beard), and it is not part of the face at all.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no difference between a woman with istihada (non-menstrual vaginal bleeding), someone with urinary incontinence, and others (regarding wiping over khuff).
Permissible (Mubah)He wipes with the wiping duration of a traveler, whether he wiped in residence for one prayer or more, as long as the wiping period had not expired while he was a resident.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the bottom of a khuff (leather sock) or shoe is afflicted with impurity, and one rubs it on the ground until the visible impurity is removed, then according to one of three narrations, rubbing it on the ground is sufficient, and it is permissible to pray in it.
Required (Wajib)And from him (Ahmad) is another narration that it is like blood, meaning it is impure.
Permissible (Mubah)And a small amount of it is excused.
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)Required (Wajib)As for an inconsistent habit that follows a pattern, for example, if she sees blood for three days in one month, four in the second, and five in the third, then returns to three, then four, as it was: if she experiences prolonged bleeding (istihada) in a month and knows its turn in her pattern, she should act according to it, then according to the next in the pattern, and so on, following her habit.
Forbidden (Haram)All the days of bleeding within the fifteen-day period are considered menstruation if it recurs.
Required (Wajib)We order her to pray and fast.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Required (Wajib)The intention is required from the person for whom tayammum is being performed, not from the one performing it for another.
Permissible (Mubah)Tayammum alone suffices him.
Permissible (Mubah)It is possible that sequential performance (muwalat) between wudu and tayammum is not obligatory.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)And one should enter (the restroom) with their left foot.
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said concerning a man who enters the restroom with dirhams (coins): 'I hope there is no harm in it.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)Ahmad said: If a ring has the name of Allah on it, one should place it inside their palm and enter the restroom.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)One view is that it is not sufficient if one performs ghusl for janabah without intending ghusl for Jumu'ah.
Permissible (Mubah)A Sa' (measure) suffices you for ghusl.
If one penetrates the vagina of an intersex person, or an intersex person inserts their male organ into a vagina, or one of them penetrates the other in their vagina, then ghusl is not required for either of them, because it is possible that the organ is a superfluous creation.
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not touch him with perfume.
Required (Wajib)Wash him with water and sidr.
Permissible (Mubah)Makhul said concerning a woman who died on a journey, accompanied by her mahram and Christian women: The women should wash her.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is an honor (or virtuous act) for women.
Required (Wajib)As for circumcision, it is obligatory for men.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is not obligatory for them (women).
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one sells a slave for a thousand dirhams, and the slave has a thousand dirhams with him, the sale is permissible if the buyer's desire is for the slave and not for the dirhams.
Permissible (Mubah)If there is a fear of slight harm to the main plants (trees) by leaving the fruit on them due to thirst or other reasons, one is not compelled to cut the fruits.
Permissible (Mubah)If the harm (to the main plants from leaving the fruit) is significant, and there is fear of drought for the plants or a reduction in their yield, then according to one view, one is still not compelled to cut them.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the equivalent becomes available after its loss, its obligation (to return the equivalent) returns.
Permissible (Mubah)If one says (regarding a debt), 'I made you its owner,' it is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If one says (regarding a debt), 'I dropped it from you,' it is valid.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever constructs a building in Mecca using materials brought from outside the land of Mecca, it is permissible to sell it.
Forbidden (Haram)It was narrated that this (selling properties and renting houses in Mecca) is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)Its properties (in Mecca) are not to be sold, nor are its houses to be rented.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Muhammad ibn al-Hasan said: The Musaqah contract is invalidated by a condition imposed on the worker, because it is a condition that contradicts the essence of the contract.
Permissible (Mubah)And if he says: 'Whatever you plant, half of it is mine,' it is valid.
Required (Wajib)Thus, it is not valid except for a known duration.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)I hope he is not liable, and how could he be liable? If it is lost, he is not liable.
Required (Wajib)And he (the hired worker) must be paid for his work.
Permissible (Mubah)He (the hired worker) is not liable (for damage) because the employer had possession over it.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If both (the mortgagor and mortgagee) agree to move the livestock, it is also permissible, regardless of whether it is more beneficial for them or not, because the right belongs to both of them and does not go beyond them.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for either of them (the mortgagor or mortgagee) to move the livestock from a fertile area, whether they intend to move it to a similar place or a more fertile one, as there is no reason to travel with the collateral when it is possible to avoid doing so.
Permissible (Mubah)If the mortgagor refuses to travel with them (when necessary), the mortgagee may move them, because their remaining would lead to their destruction and the loss of his right in the collateral.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)Required (Wajib)If it is not possible to follow the condition, then its expenditure should come from its revenue, because an endowment necessitates securing its principal and making its benefit available, which is not achieved except by spending on it, making it a necessity.
Required (Wajib)If the benefits of an endowed animal become disrupted, its expenditure falls upon the beneficiary because it is his property.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to sell it (the endowed animal), as has been previously explained.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)And the decrease in the property of each one is borne by its owner.
Required (Wajib)If he did that by way of reconciliation, believing that it became obligatory upon him by the `sulh`, then he must return the rent for what he lived in and the rent for what was in his hand from the house.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone usurps wheat and grinds it, or a sheep and slaughters and roasts it, or iron and makes it into knives or utensils, or wood and carves it into a door or a coffin, or cloth and cuts and sews it, the ownership of its original owner is not removed. The owner may take it back along with compensation for any decrease in value, if it has decreased. The usurper has no right to any increase in its value, according to the soundest view of the madhhab.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him (the agent) to do so (sell on credit if there is evidence prohibiting it).
Permissible (Mubah)If the agent buys it from the judge with his money that the principal owes him, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)Agency is permissible both with and without remuneration. The Prophet (peace be upon him) appointed Anis to execute a punishment, Urwah to buy a sheep, and Amr and Abu Rafi' to accept marriage without remuneration. He also used to send his workers to collect charities and assign them a fee.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden to exchange them (items of the same genus) with a difference in quantity.
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (peace be upon him) forbade selling gold for silver on credit.
Forbidden (Haram)Ibn al-Mundhir said: All scholars whose opinions we preserve have agreed that if two parties exchanging currencies part before taking possession, the exchange is invalid.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: It is considered necessary to know them both (the debtor and the creditor).
Permissible (Mubah)It is not considered necessary for the guarantor to know them (the debtor and the creditor).
Required (Wajib)Abu Hanifa and Muhammad said: It is considered necessary, because it is the establishment of property for a human being, so it is not established except with his consent or the consent of his representative, like buying and selling.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The seller has the right to revoke the sale, and the lender has the right to reclaim what he lent.
Forbidden (Haram)The seller and the lender do not have the right to reclaim it from the master under any circumstances.
Required (Wajib)If it was destroyed, its price is established upon the slave's neck or in his liability, whether it was destroyed while in the slave's possession or the master's.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The executor said, 'Should I buy it?' He (Ibn Mas'ud) said, 'No.'
Required (Wajib)Abu al-Khattab said: The [formerly minor] individual does not have the right to cancel the lease because it is a binding contract, entered into by the right of guardianship, and thus it is not nullified by reaching puberty, just as if he had sold his house or married him off.
Permissible (Mubah)Abu Hanifa said: It is permissible for him to sell to his adult child.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)The camel driver is not liable for the damage to the load, because the owner of the goods did not hand them over to him (i.e., did not relinquish possession).
Permissible (Mubah)If a bird falls into his house, he is not obliged to preserve it or inform its owner.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the item) decreased, he (the payer) claims the deficit from the poor person.
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)The Prophet, peace be upon him, only disliked that (cupping) for a free person out of honor for him, due to the lowliness of this profession.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to learn the profession of cupping.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked for a free person to eat the earnings of a cupper.
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Required (Wajib)If there is no custom indicating consent, then a verbal statement indicating it is necessary.
Required (Wajib)The offer (ijab) and acceptance (qabul) are only conditioned (required) in general cases where there is no established custom between the giver and receiver.
Required (Wajib)The location of breastfeeding must be specified.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Settlement is valid concerning anything for which compensation can be taken, whether it is something permissible to sell or not. Thus, it is valid for intentional bloodshed, dwelling rights, and defects in a sold item.
Forbidden (Haram)If one absolves another of part of a debt, or gifts him part of an asset using the word 'settlement' (sulh) – for instance, by saying: 'Settle with me for half of your debt on me,' or 'for half of this house of yours,' and the other person says: 'I have settled with you for that' – then it is not valid, as mentioned by Al-Qadi and Ibn Aqil.
Permissible (Mubah)If he is able to seize it, the reconciliation becomes firm.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to replace the specific animal in a grazing contract.
Forbidden (Haram)The contract becomes void if the specific animal (in a grazing contract) perishes.
Permissible (Mubah)The second opinion states that if a weaver produces a garment deficient in length, width, or both, he receives his proportionate share of the agreed-upon amount.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whatever remains from the sale of the offending slave is returned to the creditors.
Required (Wajib)Then, one sells animals (from the insolvent's assets).
Required (Wajib)One begins by selling the offending slave (from the insolvent's assets), and pays the victim the lesser of its price or the compensation for the offense.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Then the analogical deduction of the madhhab is that he is absolved (from compensation).
If he returns it to the place from which he took it, or to the owner's property, he is not absolved from its compensation.
Required (Wajib)If the item is remaining, then the borrower must return it to the lender or his agent for receiving it.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Only the place of impurity is washed, and ablution (wudu) is performed, and it is not obligatory to re-wash the entire body of the deceased.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are buried in one grave, the man should be closest to the Qibla, the woman behind him, and the child behind them both, and a barrier of earth should be made between every two individuals.
Forbidden (Haram)It is also narrated from Ahmad that he said: "I follow this (opinion)."
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)The letter 'ha' should not be dropped from the name of Allah the Almighty and from the word 'salah' (prayer), nor should the letter 'ha' be dropped from 'falah' (success).
Permissible (Mubah)And if they fear missing the beginning of the time by calling the adhan one after another, they should call it all at once.
Permissible (Mubah)If several (muezzins) call the adhan from one minaret, there is no harm.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to take graves as mosques.
Forbidden (Haram)A martyr who dies in his place (i.e., battlefield) should not be washed.
Forbidden (Haram)As for performing the funeral prayer for him (the martyr), the correct opinion is that no prayer should be performed over him.
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If a person is not a deputy but stands up for another to sit in his place, then it is permissible for that other person to sit in it.
Discouraged (Makruh)But if he moves to a place that is inferior, it is disliked for him.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person gives preference to another with his place, it is not permissible for anyone else to precede that person to it.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to say Takbir during all the ten days (of Dhul-Hijjah).
Required (Wajib)I said to the Messenger of Allah (PBUH): 'Are there two prostrations in Surah Al-Hajj?' He said: 'Yes, and whoever does not prostrate for them, should not recite them.'
Permissible (Mubah)And whatever he supplicates with is sufficient for him.
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike the teacher's wage if it is stipulated as a condition.
Discouraged (Makruh)He (the teacher) should not ask for it, nor stipulate a condition.
Permissible (Mubah)If a teacher is given something without a condition, Ahmad's apparent view is its permissibility.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not use it (the Quran) to earn a living, and do not seek abundance through it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)Beautify the Quran with your voices.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to protect the Quran from it (the bathroom).
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to provide compensation for the destruction of trees and herbage in the sacred precinct (Haram).
Preferred (Mustahabb)When the covering of the Kaaba is removed, it should be given as charity.
Permissible (Mubah)Except for Al-Idhkhir (a type of grass).
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Prayer and fasting are not obligatory until one reaches puberty.
Permissible (Mubah)The ruling for other voluntary acts of worship is like that of fasting, in that they do not become obligatory by merely starting them, nor is it obligatory to make them up if one breaks them.
Required (Wajib)Then He commanded all other people to ask them and refer to their statements.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And the one who made the settlement (or is the lease holder) has the right to utilize his benefit during the period.
If the slave is emancipated during the period (of benefit ownership), his emancipation is effective.
The expiation for intercourse with a menstruating woman is waived due to inability to fulfill it, or part of it, just like the expiation for intercourse in Ramadan.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to be generous on this day (Eid).
Forbidden (Haram)As for those who are permissible for her in some state, such as her slave or her sister's husband, they are not mahram for her. Ahmad explicitly stated this.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allah and the Last Day to travel for three days or more, unless her father, or her son, or her husband, or a mahram from her accompanies her.
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Whoever's last words at death are 'I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone, without partner,' except that it demolishes the sins and transgressions that preceded it. So, teach it to your dying ones.
Required (Wajib)And his eyes should be closed.
Required (Wajib)When death is certain, he should be faced towards the Qibla.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And if a boy is shrouded in three garments, there is no harm.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no dispute among them that one garment suffices for him [a boy].
Required (Wajib)Al-Qadi said: Less than three garments are not sufficient for shrouding for one who is able to afford them.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And if he wishes to perform it (such an act), he is not allowed to do so, whether he vowed it or not.
Forbidden (Haram)He prohibited the 'fast of silence'.
Forbidden (Haram)Silence from speech, and the apparent meaning of the narrations is its prohibition.
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise it with more than its own soil.
Discouraged (Makruh)The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade adding more soil to the grave than what came out of its excavation.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to bury in a coffin.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded the disciplining of a child for abandoning prayer at that age (ten years old).
Required (Wajib)Allah urged His believing servants to go forth to gain understanding in religion, saying – and He is the most truthful of speakers: "Why then does not a party from every group among them go forth to gain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware?"
Required (Wajib)There is no one among Allah's creation upon whom Hajj and Umrah are not both obligatory, and they are indispensable for whoever can find a way to them.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)The implication of this is that it is obligatory for him to accept the news, even if the judge rejects it.
Permissible (Mubah)Therefore, if a judge rules based on the sighting [of the crescent] by the testimony of one witness, it is permissible.
Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one owns thirty cattle and prepays a 'musinnah' (a two-year-old cow) as zakat for them and their offspring, and then they reproduce ten, the prepayment is sufficient for the thirty but not for the ten offspring.
Required (Wajib)As for Zakat, it is obligatory upon every Muslim.
Required (Wajib)If one owns thirty cattle and prepays a 'musinnah' as zakat for them and their offspring, and then they reproduce ten, a quarter of a 'musinnah' is due from him for the ten offspring.
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Required (Wajib)Unless the one whose share did not reach the nisab has other sources that complete the nisab for him, in which case Zakat becomes obligatory upon both of them.
There is no tithe ('ushr) on kharaj (tributary) lands.
Required (Wajib)If one of the partners is not subject to Zakat, such as a mukatab slave or a dhimmi, then the other partner owes Zakat on his share if it reaches the nisab.
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)So it is not permissible for her (the wife) to do that (give zakat to her husband).
Forbidden (Haram)As for the husband, there are two narrations concerning him; one of them is that it is not permissible to give zakat to him.
Forbidden (Haram)As for the wife, it is not permissible to give zakat to her by consensus.
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Required (Wajib)Most scholars make Zakat al-Fitr obligatory upon the people of the desert (Bedouins).
Permissible (Mubah)Any staple food from grains and fruits is sufficient for Zakat al-Fitr when the explicitly mentioned types are unavailable.
Half a Sa' of wheat specifically is sufficient (for Zakat al-Fitr).
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Abu al-Khattab stated that one should not move to an age category beyond the one immediately following the obligatory one. Thus, if one moves from a Hiqqah to a Bint Makhad, or from a Jadha'ah to a Bint Labun, it is not permissible.
Required (Wajib)If it was pasturing with both of them, then Zakat is due on it.
Permissible (Mubah)A male animal only suffices in cattle for thirty (cattle) and what repeats thereof, such as sixty and seventy, and what is composed of thirty and others, such as seventy (which includes a *tabīʿ* and a *musinnah*), and one hundred (which includes a *musinnah* and two *tabīʿ*).
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for those whose maintenance is obligatory upon him (the agent), other than his children, parents, or wife, it is permissible to give to them from the charity, just as it is permissible to give voluntary charity to them.
Forbidden (Haram)So he (the agent) should not eat anything from it (the charity); rather, he was commanded only to execute its distribution.
Preferred (Mustahabb)So, giving charity with it (the increase from the disputed sale) is recommended.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)so no zakat is obligatory on it (fish), just like land game.
Permissible (Mubah)As for fish, there is nothing (owed) on it at all, according to the unanimous opinion of all scholars.
Permissible (Mubah)And because the default principle is that there is no obligation upon it (i.e., ambergris).
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If he defrauds his wealth and conceals it so that the Imam does not take its Zakat (this action is forbidden).
Required (Wajib)If the one withholding Zakat is outside the Imam's control, he should be fought.
Required (Wajib)He (the Imam) should take it (Zakat) and punish him (ta'zeer), and not take anything extra beyond it.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon the Dhimmi (to pay the one-fifth on found treasure).
Required (Wajib)Rikaz (buried treasure) on which Khums (one-fifth) is due includes all types of wealth, such as gold, silver, iron, lead, brass, copper, utensils, and other similar items.
Required (Wajib)The Khums (one-fifth) is obligatory on both small and large amounts of Rikaz (buried treasure).
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
Forbidden (Haram)(According to Ibn Hamid) It is permissible as long as it does not reach one thousand mithqal; if it reaches that, it becomes forbidden, and Zakat is due on it.
Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.
Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.