Hanbali School
المذهب الحنبلي
Founded by Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855 CE). Predominant in the Arabian Peninsula.
19,757 rulings across 201 topics in 14 categories
Dress & Adornment3 topics
General Dress Codes and Awrah
أحكام اللباس العامة والعورة(176 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)Shroud him in his two garments, meaning he is shrouded in two garments.
Permissible (Mubah)And if one is alone (while bathing), it is permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)Do not cover his head.
+ 173 more rulings
Adornment and Personal Grooming
الزينة والتزين الشخصي(106 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Adornment is made lawful for women due to their need for it to beautify themselves for their husbands.
Permissible (Mubah)And the Qadi said: It is removed with depilatory powder because it is easier and one does not touch it.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to pluck grey hair.
+ 103 more rulings
Rules of Gaze (Ghad al-Basar)
أحكام غض البصر(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)But he must avert his gaze (from the hired woman).
Family Law15 topics
Marriage and Marital Etiquette
النكاح وآدابه(107 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The wives of daughters' sons are included in the prohibition (of marriage).
Permissible (Mubah)If someone usurped a female slave and did not have intercourse with her, and a period of time passed during which intercourse was possible, he is not liable for her dowry.
Required (Wajib)If he coerced her (into sexual intercourse), her dowry becomes obligatory upon him.
+ 104 more rulings
Guardianship and Tutelage
الولاية والوصاية(63 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Abu Hanifa, Malik, and Al-Shafi'i stated that a father is not permitted to take from his child's wealth except to the extent of his need.
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden for a father to unduly burden or harm his son, nor to take anything that the son is in need of (when taking from his wealth).
Forbidden (Haram)It is forbidden for a father to take from the wealth of one child to give it to another child.
+ 60 more rulings
Inheritance
الميراث(53 rulings)His gift during his death illness to some of his heirs is not legally effective.
Permissible (Mubah)Unless he needs it for thirst, in which case he may take it on the condition of guarantee.
Forbidden (Haram)The lineage of the acknowledged person is established, but he does not inherit. This is the view of most Shafi'i scholars.
+ 50 more rulings
Gifts and Financial Dispositions
العطايا والتصرفات المالية(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If someone singles out some of their children for a gift due to a reason necessitating such a specialization, such as one's need, infirmity, blindness, large family, engagement in knowledge, or similar virtues, or if one withholds a gift from some of their children due to their immorality, innovation, or because they use what they receive to disobey Allah or spend it on sin, then it has been narrated from Ahmad what indicates the permissibility of that.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is most pleasing to me that he revokes (the initial gifts to some children) and equalizes among them (all children, if a new one is born).
Required (Wajib)Equalization between them (children in gifts) is obligatory.
+ 40 more rulings
Establishing and Denying Lineage
إثبات ونفي النسب(35 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he dies before clarifying, his heirs are obliged to provide clarification.
Required (Wajib)If she has brothers or a known lineage, it is necessary to prove that he is her son.
Required (Wajib)And the lineage is attributed to him for that reason (of being born from intercourse under misapprehension).
+ 32 more rulings
Divorce and Marital Dissolution
الطلاق والفرقة الزوجية(23 rulings)She becomes irrevocably divorced by his acknowledgement (e.g., in a khula declaration).
Forbidden (Haram)that divorce is forbidden (during menstruation).
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for him to have sexual intercourse with his revocably divorced wife if one of them dies during her waiting period.
+ 20 more rulings
Sexual Relations and Their Consequences
أحكام الوطء(23 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And no mahr (dowry) is due from him.
Required (Wajib)And the slave woman becomes Umm Walad (mother of his child).
Required (Wajib)If he knew it was forbidden, then his child is a slave.
+ 20 more rulings
Slavery-Related Family Rulings
أحكام الرقيق والأسرة(20 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to commit what the Shariah has forbidden by separating them (a mother and her child).
Forbidden (Haram)If her child is still alive, he is not permitted to return her without her child, because that is separating them, which is forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)And the female slave is contrary to that (i.e., it is not permissible to separate her from her child).
+ 17 more rulings
Maintenance (Nafaqah)
النفقة(18 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he needs a cloak or a fur coat to ward off cold, that should be provided to him.
Required (Wajib)The minimum clothing sufficient for him consists of a shirt, trousers, something he wears on his head, either a turban or a cap or other items customary for him, and shoes for his feet if he customarily wears them.
Required (Wajib)The obligatory amount of maintenance and clothing is the minimum that is customarily spent on someone like them.
+ 15 more rulings
Mahram and Seclusion
أحكام المحارم والخلوة(11 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)[Imam Ahmad said that a non-Muslim father] should not travel with her [his Muslim daughter].
Required (Wajib)It is stipulated for a mahram that he be an adult and sane.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him to be in seclusion with them [i.e., the mother or daughter of a woman with whom one had intercourse due to misconception or illicit sex], nor to look at them for that reason.
+ 8 more rulings
Breastfeeding and Fosterage
الرضاع والحضانة(10 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is only permissible for wet-nursing.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a man to hire out his slave woman, his mudabbara, his umm walad, one whose emancipation is conditional, and one permitted to engage in trade, for wet nursing.
Forbidden (Haram)None of these slave women (his slave woman, mudabbara, umm walad, etc.) are permitted to hire themselves out.
+ 7 more rulings
Child Rearing and Parental Rights
تربية الأبناء وحقوق الوالدين(9 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Indeed, he (the father) has the right to prevent him (the son) from participating in military expeditions (Ghazw).
Forbidden (Haram)[Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz] wrote to his governors: 'Do not impose [obligations] except upon one who has reached fifteen years of age.'
As for age, puberty for boys and girls is at fifteen years.
+ 6 more rulings
Wills and Bequests
الوصايا(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)A will is binding on the heir.
Permissible (Mubah)A bequest to an heir is valid, according to the soundest of two narrations, and is contingent upon the approval of the other heirs.
Permissible (Mubah)If a man lends another dirhams and says, 'If I die, you are absolved,' it is considered a will.
+ 4 more rulings
Iddah and Mourning
العدة والحداد(1 ruling)Forbidden (Haram)Imam Ahmad said: A woman in ihram and a woman whose husband has died must abandon perfume and adornment.
Naming
التسمية(1 ruling)Preferred (Mustahabb)If it is not clear whether the miscarried fetus is male or female, it should be given a name suitable for both male and female.
Fasting (Sawm)9 topics
Categories of Fasting
أنواع الصيام(278 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the people of one city sight the crescent moon, then fasting becomes obligatory for all cities.
Discouraged (Makruh)Malik disliked it (fasting six days of Shawwal).
Discouraged (Makruh)And is it disliked (for a fasting person to use siwak after Dhuhr)? There are two narrations: one of them is that it is disliked.
+ 275 more rulings
Itikaf (Spiritual Retreat)
الاعتكاف(221 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)Imam Ahmad said: I prefer that he enters (for I'tikaf) before nightfall.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him (the one in `itikaf` without stipulation) to do it (visit the sick or attend a funeral).
Forbidden (Haram)A person observing `itikaf` should not visit the sick nor attend a funeral, unless he stipulates that (as a condition for his `itikaf`).
+ 218 more rulings
Things that Invalidate Fasting
مبطلات الصيام(126 rulings)Required (Wajib)If he breaks his fast on that day by intercourse, expiation is due upon him.
Forbidden (Haram)For someone permitted to break their fast due to intense sexual desire, if they can repel the desire without intercourse, such as masturbating with their hand, or with the hand of their wife or slave-girl, then intercourse is not permissible for them.
Permissible (Mubah)Ahmad said concerning someone with an overwhelming sexual desire for intercourse, who fears his testicles might burst, that he may break his fast.
+ 123 more rulings
Fidyah and Kaffarah (Expiation and Redemption)
الفدية والكفارة(112 rulings)Required (Wajib)And Malik said: Expiation becomes obligatory for everything that constitutes a violation of the fast, except apostasy.
Required (Wajib)If he spoils his Hajj, he must fast for that (as compensation).
Required (Wajib)If a slave performs Tamattu' or Qiran Hajj without his master's permission, fasting is obligatory upon him, without dispute.
+ 109 more rulings
Prohibited and Disliked Fasting Days
أيام يحرم صومها والمكروه(9 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)By analogy to this, (it is disliked to single out for fasting) every festival of the disbelievers, or a day they single out for veneration.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to single out the day of Nowruz and Mihrajan for fasting.
Forbidden (Haram)In summary, the days of Tashreeq are also prohibited from fasting.
+ 6 more rulings
Making Up Missed Fasts (Qada')
قضاء الصوم(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)And as for vows, fasting should be done on his behalf.
Permissible (Mubah)It is narrated that making up fasts (qada') during the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah is not disliked.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to make up fasts during it (the first ten days of Dhul Hijjah).
+ 5 more rulings
Fasting Exemptions and Specific Rulings
أحكام الصائم والأعذار المبيحة للفطر(7 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said: I do not like for the fasting person to use siwak in the afternoon.
Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad and Ishaq considered it recommended (mustahabb) to avoid using the siwak in the afternoon (for a fasting person).
Discouraged (Makruh)Repeated looking (gazing) is disliked for someone whose lust is aroused by it, but not disliked for someone whose lust is not aroused by it, similar to kissing.
+ 4 more rulings
Intention for Fasting
نية الصيام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one specifies the intention for the fast of Ramadan, or its make-up, or an expiation, or a vow, they do not need to intend it to be obligatory.
Required (Wajib)Ibn Hamid said: That (intending it to be obligatory) is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If one had an obligatory fast from year five but intended to fast for year six, or intended to fast for Sunday but it was Monday, or thought tomorrow was Sunday and intended for it but it was Monday, their fast is valid.
+ 4 more rulings
General Conditions and Principles of Fasting
الشروط والأحكام العامة للصيام(1 ruling)Permissible (Mubah)Continuity is not obligatory.
Food & Drink4 topics
Hunting and Slaughter (Dhabihah)
الصيد والذبيحة(72 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Hunting in Wajj and its trees is permissible.
Required (Wajib)And Ata, Abu Hanifa, and his two companions said: compensation is due upon him, because he killed game from the sanctuary by sending his dog after it, thus he is liable for it, just as if he killed it with his arrow.
Permissible (Mubah)And our argument is that he sent the dog after permissible game, so he is not liable (for compensation).
+ 69 more rulings
Halal and Haram Food and Drink
الطعام والشراب الحلال والحرام(50 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)And because the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, cursed its carrier and the one to whom it is carried (referring to wine).
Permissible (Mubah)And eating them (horses) is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)If he destroys it (the usurped wine from a Muslim) or it is destroyed while in his possession, he is not obliged to compensate for it.
+ 47 more rulings
Eating Etiquette and the Use of Gold and Silver Utensils
آداب الطعام والشراب واستعمال آنية الذهب والفضة(4 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Do not drink from gold and silver vessels, and do not eat from their plates.
Forbidden (Haram)The one who drinks from gold and silver vessels is only gurgling the fire of Hell in his stomach.
Forbidden (Haram)Their acquisition (or use) is forbidden.
+ 1 more ruling
Lawful and Unlawful Food Acquisition
طرق كسب الطعام الحلال والحرام(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)Feed it to the captives. (Referring to the unlawfully acquired sheep mentioned in the narrative)
Permissible (Mubah)It is permitted for everyone to gather them (the leftover ears of grain).
Hajj & Umrah6 topics
Ihram, its Prohibitions, and Expiations
الإحرام ومحظوراته وجناياته(802 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If game attacks a person and they cannot repel it except by killing it, then it is permissible for them to kill it, and no compensation is required.
Required (Wajib)So, covering a part of it [the face] to cover the awrah [head] is more preferable.
Forbidden (Haram)A person in the state of ihram should not get married.
+ 799 more rulings
General Hajj Principles, Types, and Entry
أحكام الحج وشروطه وأنواعه ومناسكه العامة والدخول(708 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one stones the furthest (Jamara), then the first, then the middle, they must repeat only the furthest.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for someone who has started Hajj to perform Hajj on behalf of another before completing their own Hajj.
Required (Wajib)Each Jamarah should be stoned with seven pebbles.
+ 705 more rulings
Sacrificial Animal (Hady)
الهدي(295 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And no sacrifice is due from him.
Required (Wajib)He must offer a sacrifice for abandoning that (non-pillar of Hajj).
Permissible (Mubah)The second view is that he slaughters it in his place of hindrance, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) slaughtered his sacrificial animal in his place.
+ 292 more rulings
Tawaf and Sa'i
الطواف والسعي(219 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)He should say 'Allahu Akbar' whenever he comes to the (Black) Stone or is parallel to it.
Recommended (Sunnah)Like Ramal (brisk walking) and Idtiba' (uncovering the right shoulder) in Tawaf al-Qudum (the arrival circumambulation), which he and his companions performed to show strength to the disbelievers, it remained Sunnah after their disappearance.
Permissible (Mubah)One may continue (their tawaf) if the only invalidation that occurred was one requiring ablution (wudu).
+ 216 more rulings
Special Circumstances and Proxy Hajj
الإحصار وفوات الحج والحج بالنيابة(43 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint a proxy for voluntary Hajj for one who has performed the obligatory Hajj and is able to perform Hajj himself. This is the view of Abu Hanifa.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to appoint a proxy for voluntary Hajj for one who has performed the obligatory Hajj and is able to perform Hajj himself. This is the madhhab of Shafi'i.
Required (Wajib)If someone appointed a proxy while hoping to be able to perform Hajj himself, and then became terminally ill, he must perform Hajj himself again.
+ 40 more rulings
Rituals of Arafat, Muzdalifah, and Mina
مناسك عرفة ومزدلفة ومنى(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)Imam Ahmad said: Whoever matted, tied, or braided their hair (during ihram), must shave it.
Permissible (Mubah)The people of opinion said: For one who matted or braided their hair, they have a choice in every situation (between shaving and trimming).
Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is recommended to supplicate with the reported supplications.
+ 7 more rulings
inheritance1 topic
Acknowledgment to an Heir During Death Illness
الإقرار لوارث في مرض الموت(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If he acknowledges to an heir, and that person then ceases to be an heir (e.g., a man acknowledges to his brother when he has no child, then a son is born to him), his acknowledgment to him is not valid.
Forbidden (Haram)Ahmad said: It is not permissible. (Referring to the scenario where a father acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
Permissible (Mubah)His acknowledgment was permissible (valid). (Referring to Sufyan's opinion on a father who acknowledged a debt to one of his two sons while ill, then that son died leaving a grandson, and the father later died).
+ 4 more rulings
Judicial Matters15 topics
Legal Obligations, Guarantees, and Agency
الضمان والكفالة والوكالة(237 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the usurper has a purpose in filling the well, such as to remove his liability for anyone falling into it, or if he moved its soil to his own property, another's property, or a public path that needs to be cleared, then he has the right to fill it.
Required (Wajib)If it enters his dovecote, and he closes the door on it intending to keep it for himself, he becomes liable for it.
The guardian is not obligated to pay compensation for that (i.e., for not acquiring what was beneficial for the minor's property).
+ 234 more rulings
Acknowledgement & Confession (Iqrar)
الإقرار والاعتراف(80 rulings)If someone makes an acknowledgement to an heir and a stranger, it is void regarding the heir and valid regarding the stranger.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone says, "So-and-so has a thousand in my father's inheritance," it is an acknowledgment of a debt upon the estate.
Permissible (Mubah)If someone says, "In my inheritance from my father," and then says, "I intended a gift," it is accepted from him.
+ 77 more rulings
Legal Capacity, Guardianship & Authority of Executors
الأهلية والولاية والأوصياء(53 rulings)Required (Wajib)Because this person is extravagant, interdiction should be placed upon him, just as if he became extravagant upon reaching maturity.
Forbidden (Haram)If the debtor refuses to sell, the judge should not sell his property.
Required (Wajib)However, the judge must compel the debtor to sell his property if payment of debts is not possible without it.
+ 50 more rulings
Property Rights & Disputes
حقوق الملكية والمنازعات(43 rulings)If he (the hirer) voluntarily undertakes these actions, he cannot claim anything back.
Permissible (Mubah)If the hirer does not find a judge or is unable to borrow, he is permitted to spend on the camels and act in place of the camel driver concerning what is obligatory for him.
Permissible (Mubah)If the judge deems it appropriate to sell some of the camels, preserve the rest, and spend on the remaining ones from the price of what was sold, it is permissible.
+ 40 more rulings
Judicial Process, Evidence & Ethics
الإجراءات القضائية والشهادة وأخلاقياتها(21 rulings)If the defendant knows what is due from him but denies it, then the reconciliation is invalid.
Permissible (Mubah)That reconciliation upon denial is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person knows what is due from him and he denies it, then the reconciliation is invalid.
+ 18 more rulings
Slave Legal Status & Offenses
أحكام العبيد وجناياتهم(20 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If the defendant pays money to the claimant as a settlement for his claim, it is valid.
Required (Wajib)And he ransoms them with their value on the day of birth.
Required (Wajib)And their ransom is upon him.
+ 17 more rulings
Homicide, Retaliation (Qisas) & Blood Money (Diyah)
أحكام القتل والقصاص والدية(19 rulings)Required (Wajib)The wage for the execution of qisas is upon the one who carries out the retaliation.
Required (Wajib)And if the one who had intercourse (under misapprehension) strikes her abdomen and she miscarries the fetus stillborn, then upon him is the `ghurrah` also.
Required (Wajib)If a stranger strikes her abdomen and she miscarries a stillborn fetus, then upon the assailant is a `ghurrah`—a male or female slave for the owner, amounting to the lesser of the fetus's blood money (`arsh`) or its value on the day it was miscarried.
+ 16 more rulings
Hadd Punishment for Apostasy
حد الردة(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And disbelief makes killing permissible.
Required (Wajib)And he is obligated to make up what he missed during his Islam before his apostasy (according to the preferred opinion).
Required (Wajib)He is obligated to make up what he missed of worship during his apostasy and during his Islam before his apostasy (according to another opinion).
+ 4 more rulings
War, Rebels & Non-Muslims (International Fiqh)
أحكام الحرب والبغاة وأهل الذمة(7 rulings)Required (Wajib)And as for the land concerning which the disbelievers made a peace treaty, on the condition that the land belongs to us (Muslims) and we keep them on it with a known land tax (kharaj), then it is also an endowment (waqf), its ruling is the same as what we mentioned.
Required (Wajib)As for the land whose people abandoned it out of fear of the Muslims, it becomes an endowment (waqf) simply by virtue of the Muslims gaining control over it.
Required (Wajib)This land tax (kharaj) is like the jizya; it is waived upon their conversion to Islam, and the land belongs to them with no kharaj upon it.
+ 4 more rulings
Hadd Punishment for Zina and Illicit Relations
حد الزنا والوطء المحرم(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)Whoever usurps a slave girl, has intercourse with her, and she conceives, he is liable for the prescribed punishment (hadd), her master takes her and her children, and he must pay her customary dowry.
Required (Wajib)If she (the slave) willingly engaged in intercourse, knowing it was forbidden, then the prescribed punishment (`hadd`) applies to her if she is eligible, as well as sin.
Required (Wajib)If he was aware of the prohibition, then he is liable for the prescribed punishment of unlawful sexual intercourse (zina).
+ 2 more rulings
General Legal Principles & Sources of Law
أصول العدالة وحجية الإجماع(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)This thus constitutes a consensus of the Companions – may Allah be pleased with them – and it is not permissible for anyone to oppose it.
Forbidden (Haram)nor is it permissible to nullify any Muslim's right (through stratagem).
Forbidden (Haram)This is a text whose contravention is not permissible except with something similar or stronger.
Hadd Punishment for Slander (Qadhf)
حد القذف(3 rulings)The Hadd punishment [for slander] is nullified if the slandered person dies.
Permissible (Mubah)He is entitled to enforce it on behalf of his deceased brother, if we consider the hadd punishment obligatory for slandering her.
Forbidden (Haram)Slandering chaste, believing, unaware women is listed among the seven destructive sins that must be avoided.
Hadd Punishments (General Principles)
الحدود وأصول تطبيقها(3 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)and it is forbidden to keep him.
Furthermore, hadd punishments are averted by doubts, unlike financial liability (ḍamān).
Required (Wajib)The punishment of cutting (the hand) is a hadd punishment that is not obligated except by breaching a protected place (hirz) and taking the entire property.
Theft and Restitution of Stolen Property
السرقة ورد المسروقات(3 rulings)Required (Wajib)It became obligatory for him (the freed slave) to return the stolen item to the one for whom he confessed.
Permissible (Mubah)(Ahmad said concerning a man who finds his stolen item with someone else who claims it as his own:) it is his property, he takes it.
Permissible (Mubah)Whoever finds his property with a man, he is more entitled to it.
Conditions for Legal Validity & Protection
شروط التصرفات الشرعية وعصمة الدم والمال(1 ruling)Required (Wajib)I have been commanded to fight people until they say 'There is no god but Allah.' If they say it, their lives and property are protected from me, except by its right.
Oaths & Vows2 topics
Oaths and Procedures in Judiciary and Legal Transactions
الأيمان والإجراءات في القضاء والمعاملات القانونية(842 rulings)However, if his denial was [in the form of saying] 'you do not have any right over me' or 'you have nothing with me,' his statement is heard with his oath.
Required (Wajib)The statement of the one who affirms is given precedence.
Permissible (Mubah)The one who is asked is not obligated to reply.
+ 839 more rulings
General Oaths and Vows
الأيمان والنذور العامة(44 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a person who made a vow (for Hajj) did not intend a specific place, then (the Hajj should commence) from their miqat.
Preferred (Mustahabb)But it is recommended that it be performed on his behalf.
Required (Wajib)If one vows a physical act of worship, he is obligated to perform it.
+ 41 more rulings
other21 topics
Public Rights, Resources, and Land Management
الحقوق والموارد العامة وإدارة الأراضي(81 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever gets to it first and takes it, owns it.
Permissible (Mubah)Each of them may dispose of their private water channel as they wish, such as running other water through it, or building a mill, a water wheel, or a bridge (a plank extended over the banks of the river), or an aqueduct for water to pass through, and other such dispositions; because it is their property, and no one else has a right in it.
Required (Wajib)If water becomes scarce, priority is given to the earliest user, then the next earliest.
+ 78 more rulings
Usul al-Fiqh and Legal Methodology
أصول الفقه والمنهجية الفقهية(47 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to interpret [Jabir's hadith regarding mukhabarah] in one of the ways that Rafi's narration was interpreted.
Required (Wajib)It would be obligatory to consider it abrogated [if Rafi's narration were authentic, its interpretation impossible, and reconciliation difficult].
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory to discard [Rafi's narrations] and use the narrations concerning Khaybar.
+ 44 more rulings
Governance and Public Order
الحكم والنظام العام(41 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if he attributed it to inheritance or a will, it is divided between them according to their legal entitlement.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is permissible for the teacher to strike children for discipline.
Permissible (Mubah)Acknowledgement is valid for anyone for whom a right is established.
+ 38 more rulings
Death, Burial, and Mourning
أحكام الموت والدفن والعزاء(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a dead body is found and it is not known whether it is Muslim or Kafir, one should look for signs such as circumcision, clothing, and dye.
Required (Wajib)If two people dispute over burial in a public graveyard, the one who was earlier has precedence.
Permissible (Mubah)I do not know of any harm in transferring a person who dies in their town to another town.
+ 35 more rulings
Slavery, Manumission, and Wala'
الرق، العتق، والولاء(38 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one sells a male slave for a female slave, with an option clause, and then frees both of them, the manumission of the female slave is effective, but not that of the male slave.
Permissible (Mubah)A sick person's acknowledgment of impregnating his female slave is valid.
If a sick person owned his cousin and admitted during his illness that he had freed him while in good health, and this cousin is his closest male relative, then the cousin is freed but does not inherit from him.
+ 35 more rulings
Animal Rulings and Welfare
أحكام الحيوان ورعايته(34 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)As for the owner of the sheep, it is not permissible for him to abandon it, because it involves torturing an animal.
Forbidden (Haram)And if one keeps it for guarding homes, it is not permissible.
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to keep a dog, except for a hunting dog, a livestock dog, or a farming dog.
+ 31 more rulings
General Islamic Etiquette and Ethics
الآداب والأخلاق العامة(23 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Wasting wealth is forbidden.
Permissible (Mubah)So, if he stands from his place and then returns to it, he has more right to it.
Forbidden (Haram)resemblance to monasticism, which is prohibited.
+ 20 more rulings
Wills, Endowments, and Guardianship
الوصايا والأوقاف والوصاية(21 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whenever his guardian permits him to transact, his transaction is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)If the executor is a transgressor or an innovator, the will is not accepted.
Forbidden (Haram)If the closest relative is likewise (a transgressor, innovator, or Dhimmi), he is not put forward (as an executor).
+ 18 more rulings
Neighborly Rights and Property
حقوق الجار والملكية(20 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)A man is not permitted to act in his property in a way that harms his neighbor, such as building a bathhouse among homes, or opening a bakery among perfumers, or making it a fulling shop that shakes and damages walls, or digging a well next to his neighbor's well that draws its water.
Forbidden (Haram)The owner of a higher roof is not permitted to ascend his roof in a way that overlooks his neighbor's roof, unless he builds a screen to cover it.
Permissible (Mubah)As for the smoke from baking and cooking, its harm is slight, it is not possible to avoid it, and it is overlooked (tolerated).
+ 17 more rulings
Adornment, Utensils, and Purity (of Objects)
أحكام الزينة والأواني والطهارة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Abu al-Khattab said: A small amount of silver is not permissible except out of necessity, because the hadith only mentioned repairing the cup at the place of the break, and that was for a need.
Forbidden (Haram)The majority of our companions (Hanbalis) hold that a small amount of gold is not permissible, and nothing of it is permissible except that which is necessitated by dire need, such as a gold nose or what one's teeth are bound with.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to directly touch the silver part when using an object, so that one is not considered to be using the silver itself.
+ 14 more rulings
Found Items and Buried Treasure
اللقطة والركاز(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And its (the scattered item's) taking is permitted.
Permissible (Mubah)And it is narrated from Ahmad that it belongs to its finder; because he said concerning a case where someone hired a worker to dig for him in his house, and he found a treasure in the house: 'It belongs to the hired worker.'
Permissible (Mubah)This indicates that the Rikaz (buried treasure) belongs to its finder.
+ 9 more rulings
Legal Stratagems (Hiyal)
الحيل الشرعية(11 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Some Shafi'i scholars consider it disliked for them to enter into a sale based on such a stratagem, because anything whose condition is not permissible in a contract is disliked to be entered into.
Permissible (Mubah)All of that and its likes are permissible if not stipulated in the contract, according to Abu Hanifa and Shafi'i.
Forbidden (Haram)However, if they do that as a legal trick to buy the fruit before it exists or before its ripeness becomes apparent, then it is not permissible, whether they combine the two contracts or conclude one after the other, due to what we mentioned regarding the invalidation of legal tricks.
+ 8 more rulings
Warfare, Spoils, and International Relations
أحكام الحرب والغنائم والعلاقات الدولية(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)That dividing it is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)That the Imam has a choice between distributing it among the warriors and making it an endowment for all Muslims.
Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for the Imam (leader) to distribute the Khums (one-fifth) among all its rightful recipients and ensure it encompasses all of them, unlike Zakat.
+ 7 more rulings
Rulings on Non-Muslims
أحكام غير المسلمين(9 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)That they should not part their hair, so as not to resemble Muslims (referring to the conditions imposed by Umar on the People of the Book).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for us to interfere with them [dhimmis] in matters they do not display publicly, because we have committed to upholding their practices in our land, so we should not interfere in what we have pledged to leave alone.
Required (Wajib)As for what they display publicly, it is obligatory to denounce it.
+ 6 more rulings
Medical and Bioethical Rulings
أحكام الطب والأخلاق البيولوجية(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded him to make a nose of gold (due to necessity after his silver one caused infection).
Forbidden (Haram)Because mutilating a part of a human being is fundamentally forbidden, and it is only permitted if its retention becomes harmful.
Permissible (Mubah)If it (the tooth) did not heal, but the hirer refused to have it extracted, he should not be forced to do so.
+ 5 more rulings
Financial Purity and Ill-Gotten Wealth
تطهير المال والكسب الحرام(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If teaching the Quran is permissible as compensation in marriage and serves as a dowry, then it is permissible to take a wage for it in contracts of hire.
Required (Wajib)In both cases, it is obligatory to extract the amount of the forbidden, and the rest is permissible for him.
Permissible (Mubah)Feed it to the beasts of burden. (A command from the Prophet regarding bread made from the water of the wells of those who wronged themselves).
+ 4 more rulings
Weights, Measures, and Practical Standards
المكاييل والموازين والمعايير العملية(6 rulings)Required (Wajib)The standard measure is the measure of the people of Medina.
Required (Wajib)The measure is the measure of Madinah, and the weight is the weight of Makkah.
Forbidden (Haram)So, it is not permissible for [the determination of what is measured by volume or weighed based on Hijaz custom] to change after that.
+ 3 more rulings
Necessity and Coercion
الضرورة والإكراه(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory for him to leave the prayer and go out to save him (if he sees someone in danger like burning or drowning, even if the prayer time is constricted).
Required (Wajib)If one finds a thirsty person whose life is feared, it is obligatory to give them water to drink and then perform tayammum for prayer.
Required (Wajib)If he has surplus food and finds someone in dire need, it is obligatory to give it to them because it is a state of necessity.
+ 1 more ruling
Rulings on Intersex Individuals
أحكام الخنثى(4 rulings)If both [semen from a male organ and menstruation from a female organ] appear together, he/she is not ruled to be male or female, because the two evidences contradict each other.
The status of males is established for whoever ejaculates from their male organ, and the status of females is established for whoever ejaculates from their vagina, because Allah has made this the norm for males and females.
And if semen exits from its private part [i.e., the female-like one], or it menstruates, then it is a sign of its puberty and of its being a woman.
+ 1 more ruling
Games, Sports, and Entertainment
الألعاب والمسابقات واللهو(2 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Then what is forbidden is its practice, not merely its knowledge (if one assumes singing is forbidden).
Permissible (Mubah)And we do not concede that singing is forbidden.
+ 1 more topic in this category
Prayer (Salah)10 topics
Obligatory and Voluntary Prayers
الصلوات المفروضة والتطوع(1476 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If each of them intended to be the Imam of his companion, or a follower of him, their prayer is invalidated.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And the least of its states (i.e., performing the prayer in its early time) is an emphasized recommendation.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And he should neither raise his head nor lower it (excessively during bowing).
+ 1473 more rulings
Special and Circumstantial Prayers
الصلوات الخاصة والظرفية(1128 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The explicit statement from Ahmad, in a narration from a group of his companions, is that men are placed closest to the Imam, then boys in front of them, and women closest to the Qibla.
Recommended (Sunnah)Al-Khiraqi conveyed here that the woman is placed next to the man, then the child is placed behind them, closer to the Qibla.
Recommended (Sunnah)There is no disagreement in the madhhab that if others gather with men (for a funeral prayer), the men are placed closest to the Imam.
+ 1125 more rulings
Prayer Conditions and Pillars
شروط الصلاة وأركانها(291 rulings)Required (Wajib)If forgetfulness becomes frequent to the extent that it resembles obsessive whispering (waswas), he should disregard it.
Permissible (Mubah)But if he sits, it is permissible (when remembering the first tashahhud after standing upright but before starting the recitation).
Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him to return (when remembering the first tashahhud after starting the recitation).
+ 288 more rulings
Imamate and Congregational Prayer Rulings
أحكام الإمامة وصلاة الجماعة(221 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)The best rows for men are the front ones, and the worst are the back ones. The best rows for women are the back ones, and the worst are the front ones.
Forbidden (Haram)As for a woman, it is not valid for a man to pray behind her under any circumstances, neither in obligatory nor supererogatory prayers.
Required (Wajib)Prayer behind a disbeliever is not valid under any circumstances, whether one learns of their disbelief after finishing the prayer or before it. Whoever prays behind them must repeat the prayer.
+ 218 more rulings
Prayer Locations and Etiquette
أماكن الصلاة وآدابها(161 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)Ahmad said: Do not give charity to beggars while the Imam is delivering the khutbah.
Permissible (Mubah)If they supplicate along with him (the Imam), there is no harm.
Preferred (Mustahabb)One should perform Qunut after Rukoo'. Ahmad explicitly stated this.
+ 158 more rulings
Combining, Making Up, and Post-Prayer Actions
جمع الصلوات وقضائها وأعمال ما بعدها(86 rulings)Required (Wajib)He should not pray an obligatory prayer except at the end of its time until he has made up the prayers due on him.
Permissible (Mubah)It is sufficient for him to try to determine which one he forgot first, then pray it, then pray the other.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to combine the Maghrib and Isha prayers due to rain.
+ 83 more rulings
Prayer Invalidators and Disliked Actions
مبطلات الصلاة ومكروهاتها(62 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whoever acts like Abu Barzah, when he walked towards his mount that had escaped from him (during prayer), his prayer is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no harm if a man's outer garment falls that he picks it up, or if his lower garment loosens that he tightens it (while praying).
Permissible (Mubah)The Prophet (peace be upon him) commanded the killing of the two black ones (snakes and scorpions) during prayer.
+ 59 more rulings
Qibla Direction
اتجاه القبلة(45 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a person becomes certain of an error in their prayer direction (through observation or certain news), they must turn towards the correct direction and continue their prayer.
Required (Wajib)He must repeat the prayer because the error in one of the conditions of prayer has become evident to him, thus repetition is obligatory.
Forbidden (Haram)If a person doubts their ijtihad regarding the Qibla, they should not deviate from the direction they initially determined.
+ 42 more rulings
Prayer Times and Prohibited Times
أوقات الصلاة وأوقات النهي(14 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) used to forbid us from praying in three times, and from burying our dead in them: when the sun rises blazing until it is high.
Discouraged (Makruh)Because it is agreed upon that it is disliked (makruh) to pray at that (forbidden) time, as what is best is the opposite.
Permissible (Mubah)And the second narration is that it is permissible (to perform such prayers in prohibited times).
+ 11 more rulings
Women's Prayer Rulings
أحكام صلاة المرأة(12 rulings)Required (Wajib)If a woman leads another woman in prayer, the follower woman stands to her right, similar to how a male follower stands with men.
Discouraged (Makruh)And they (women) should not mix with men; rather, they should be to one side of them.
Discouraged (Makruh)And there is no doubt that it is disliked for such a woman (who has introduced innovations) to go out (to the mosque).
+ 9 more rulings
Purification (Taharah)8 topics
Wudu (Ablution) and Its Rulings
الوضوء وأحكامه(635 rulings)Required (Wajib)"If any of you touches his penis, then wudu has become obligatory upon him."
Obligatory (Fard)If one is in a state of ritual impurity, their prayer is not accepted without ablution.
Forbidden (Haram)If the khuff (footwear) is forbidden, such as one made of qasab or silk, it is not permissible to wipe over it according to the sound opinion of the madhab.
+ 632 more rulings
Impurities and Their Purification
أنواع النجاسة وتطهيرها(407 rulings)Required (Wajib)But if the place is small, like a house or similar, one must wash it all (if impurity is hidden there).
Required (Wajib)If there is doubt about whether [a substance] prevents [purification], one should base the judgment on the certainty of the water's purity, because purity is the original state, and it is not removed by doubt.
Forbidden (Haram)There is no disagreement among the scholars, as far as we know, that it is not permissible to perform wudu or ghusl with them (liquids other than water like vinegar, oil, broth, or milk).
+ 404 more rulings
Menstruation, Post-Natal Bleeding, and Chronic Impurity
الحيض والنفاس والاستحاضة والأعذار الدائمة(359 rulings)If a woman's menstruation has ceased but she has not yet performed ghusl, she is considered to be in a state of major ritual impurity (janabah) regarding the details mentioned (e.g., concerning the effect of immersing her hand in water).
Required (Wajib)If a woman menstruates, she must leave the mosque.
If it continues for a day and a night, then it is menstruation, and her puberty is established by it, and all the rulings of menstruation apply to her.
+ 356 more rulings
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
التيمم(233 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And in the other narration, tayammum is permissible for him, and he may pray over it (the deceased).
Required (Wajib)And by its explicit meaning, it indicates the obligation to apply it (water) to his skin upon finding it.
Permissible (Mubah)If there is an impurity on one's wound which would be harmed by its removal, one should perform tayammum and pray, and there is no obligation to repeat the prayer.
+ 230 more rulings
General Principles of Purification
أحكام وأصول الطهارة العامة(174 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to face or turn one's back to the Qibla while relieving oneself in buildings.
Permissible (Mubah)If there is something between you and the Qibla that screens you (in an open space), then there is no harm (it is permissible to relieve oneself).
Permissible (Mubah)If three individuals perform istijmar using three stones, with each stone having three distinct surfaces, and each person uses one surface from each stone, it suffices them.
+ 171 more rulings
Ghusl (Ritual Bath) and Major Ritual Impurity
الغسل والحدث الأكبر(174 rulings)If one penetrates the vagina of an intersex person, or an intersex person inserts their male organ into a vagina, or one of them penetrates the other in their vagina, then ghusl is not required for either of them, because it is possible that the organ is a superfluous creation.
Permissible (Mubah)Saeed bin Al-Musayyib stated that he has a large basin (tawr) that holds about two *mudd* of water, and he performs ghusl with it, and it suffices him, with some water remaining.
Permissible (Mubah)And the second [view is that] it is not obligatory [to wash the pendulous hair and wet the hair on the body during ghusl].
+ 171 more rulings
Funeral Rulings and Purification of the Deceased
أحكام الجنائز وتطهير الميت(67 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for a child washing the deceased, if he is discerning, his washing is valid, whether he is young or old.
Discouraged (Makruh)The correct view, according to the predecessors, is that a man should not wash a young girl.
Permissible (Mubah)Al-Hasan said: There is no harm for a man to wash his young daughter, if she is young.
+ 64 more rulings
Circumcision
الختان والخفاض(8 rulings)Required (Wajib)[Regarding a dhimmi convert to Islam seeking purification through circumcision], there is no escape from that (it is indispensable for him).
Recommended (Sunnah)Circumcision is Sunnah for men.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And it is an honor for women.
+ 5 more rulings
Transactions (Mu'amalat)66 topics
Sales, Exchange, and Contractual Options (Buyu', Sarf, Salam, Khiyar)
البيوع والصرف والسلم والخيارات(2264 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)[According to another narration from Ahmad and the madhab of Malik] he may sell it before moving it.
Required (Wajib)The second (opinion) is that the seller has no option (to rescind).
Permissible (Mubah)If the seller offers the excess to the buyer for a price, or the buyer requests it for a price, the other party is not obliged to accept; because it is a compensatory exchange that requires mutual consent, so neither of them can be compelled to it.
+ 2261 more rulings
Debts, Loans, and Transfers (Dayn, Qard, Hawalah, Ariyah)
الديون والقروض والحوالات والعارية(704 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is obligatory upon him (the lender) to accept it, like in a salam (forward purchase) transaction.
Permissible (Mubah)If one says (regarding a debt), 'I made you its owner,' it is valid.
Permissible (Mubah)If one says (regarding a debt), 'I dropped it from you,' it is valid.
+ 701 more rulings
Property Rights, Ownership, and Pre-emption (Milk, Ihya al-Mawat, Shuf'ah)
حقوق الملكية والإحياء والشفعة(620 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)However, he becomes the most entitled person to it (the reserved land).
Permissible (Mubah)And whoever needs housing, it is permissible for him to pay rent for it, and if he needs to buy, that is also permissible for him.
Permissible (Mubah)If one lives in a rented property and is able not to pay the rent to the landlords, it is permissible for him to do so, because they are not entitled to it.
+ 617 more rulings
Partnerships and Profit-Sharing (Shirka, Mudarabah, Muzara'ah, Musaqah)
الشركات والمضاربة والمزارعة والمساقاة(522 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible for him (the agent) to sell on credit without explicit permission, just like a general agent.
Permissible (Mubah)If the mudharib (agent in a profit-sharing partnership) buys someone who would be emancipated by him, the purchase is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)And Al-Shafi'i said: If he (the mudharib) buys him (the person who would be emancipated) after the appearance of profit, it is not valid, according to one of two views.
+ 519 more rulings
Leasing, Hiring, and Labor Contracts (Ijara)
عقود الإجارة والعمل(496 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Whenever any of these defects occur after the contract, the renter acquires the option to annul it.
Permissible (Mubah)When a lease contract is concluded for a specific period, the lessee owns the usufruct (benefits) contracted upon for that period, and their occurrence is considered under his ownership.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to hire a man to gather firewood for him.
+ 493 more rulings
Pledges and Mortgages (Rahn)
الرهن(359 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to take a pledge (rahn) or a guarantor (kafil) from the one to whom the advanced payment (salam) is made.
Required (Wajib)If she miscarried it alive, and it then died at a time when its like would normally live, then its full value is obligatory as compensation.
Required (Wajib)If the pledged item was a pregnant slave-girl and a stranger struck her abdomen, causing her to miscarry a dead fetus, then one-tenth of her mother's value is obligatory as compensation.
+ 356 more rulings
Gifts, Donations, and Endowments (Hiba, Sadaqah, Waqf)
الهبات والتبرعات والأوقاف(270 rulings)The children of sons are not entitled to anything (from the waqf) in the presence of their fathers, but they become entitled upon their fathers' absence.
Permissible (Mubah)If a pregnancy occurs, the fetus does not share until it is born, because it is possible that it might not be a viable pregnancy, so the legal status of a child is not established for it before its separation (birth).
Forbidden (Haram)If the son mortgages the gifted item, or becomes bankrupt and is interdicted, the father does not have the right to retract it.
+ 267 more rulings
Usurpation, Damages, and Compensation (Ghasb & Daman)
الغصب والإتلاف والتعويض(237 rulings)Required (Wajib)If it does not spoil it (the original item), he must return it and compensate for its missing part.
Permissible (Mubah)If the usurper lends (qard) the usurped item to the owner, the usurper is also absolved from liability for the same reason.
Permissible (Mubah)If the usurper loans (ariyah) the usurped item to the owner, the usurper is also absolved from liability, because a loan for use ('ariyah) entails liability.
+ 234 more rulings
Agency (Wakalah)
الوكالة(213 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is valid to hear testimony regarding agency against an absent person.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to appoint an agent in the marriage contract for both offer and acceptance.
Forbidden (Haram)So if someone says, "Give so-and-so a thousand [dinars]," and he does so, he cannot claim it back from the one who commanded him.
+ 210 more rulings
riba interest
ربا الفائدة(203 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)If they agree to take more than their right of poor quality goods, or less than their right of good quality goods, it is not permissible because it is Riba (usury), as one takes an excess in quantity in exchange for quality.
Forbidden (Haram)And the interest (riba) of the pre-Islamic era (Jahiliyyah) is abolished, and the first interest I abolish from our interest is the interest of Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, for it is entirely abolished.
Required (Wajib)This is currency exchange (sarf), and its conditions, such as mutual possession in the same session and the like, are stipulated for it.
+ 200 more rulings
Guarantees and Suretyship (Daman & Kafalah)
الضمان والكفالة(103 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the guaranteed person is presented before the term, and there is no harm in accepting him, it is obligatory for the beneficiary of the guarantee to accept him.
Required (Wajib)If the sponsorship (Kafalah) is absolute, it is obligatory to deliver him at the place of the contract.
Required (Wajib)The validity of surety (kafalah) requires the consent of the guarantor.
+ 100 more rulings
Slave Transactions and Manumission (Raqiq & Itq)
معاملات الرقيق والعتق(73 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Because it is a forbidden sale due to a specific meaning within it, it is therefore invalid, like the sale of wine (this refers to separating a mother from her child before puberty).
Permissible (Mubah)If they are separated after reaching puberty, it is permissible.
Permissible (Mubah)If a disbeliever buys a Muslim relative who would be freed upon purchase, such as his father or brother, the purchase is valid, and the Muslim is freed, according to some of our companions.
+ 70 more rulings
Minor and Interdicted Persons' Transactions and Guardianship (Tasrufat al-Saghir wal-Mahjur)
تصرفات الصغير والمحجور عليه والولاية عليهم(36 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Our companions (Hanbalis) said: It is permissible for a guardian to sell on behalf of minors and adults if their rights are shared in real estate where its division would cause harm, and the minors have a need for the sale, either to pay a debt or for their upkeep.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for a guardian to buy a sacrificial animal (udhiyah) for an orphan, if the orphan has significant wealth such that purchasing the udhiyah would not harm his estate.
Forbidden (Haram)His (the guardian's) sale on behalf of adults is not valid.
+ 33 more rulings
Liabilities, Trusts, and Deposits (Daman, Amanat, Wadi'ah)
المسؤولية والأمانات والودائع(32 rulings)Required (Wajib)If something occurs that prevents entitlement, its return is obligatory.
Permissible (Mubah)If the item remains intact and unchanged, he (the payer) takes it back.
Forbidden (Haram)If some of them said to him, "Throw your goods," and he threw them, then the ruling is the same (he cannot claim it back).
+ 29 more rulings
Business Ethics and Market Regulations (Adab al-Suq & Tas'ir)
آداب السوق والتسعير(29 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is apparent from this that in large countries with abundant facilities and imports, such as Baghdad, Basra, and Egypt, hoarding is not prohibited.
Permissible (Mubah)As for condiments, sweets, honey, oil, and animal fodder, there is no prohibited hoarding in them.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is prohibited to meet the riders (traders bringing goods from outside the city).
+ 26 more rulings
Contracts - Formation, Conditions, and Validity (Uqud: Takwin, Shurut, Sihha)
العقود: التكوين والشروط والصحة(28 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)So the condition was invalidated, but the contract was not invalidated.
Forbidden (Haram)Any condition not found in the Book of Allah is void, even if there are a hundred such conditions.
Permissible (Mubah)However, with contextual clues and indications, there is no reason to restrict (the contract/transfer) to verbal expression.
+ 25 more rulings
Dispute Resolution and Settlements (Sulh)
تسوية النزاعات والصلح(28 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)They have the choice between cutting what is shaded or eating its fruit.
Permissible (Mubah)If it is dry and relies on the wall itself, then reconciliation (settlement) concerning it is valid.
Forbidden (Haram)Reconciliation (settlement) concerning it is not valid in any case, whether it is fresh or dry.
+ 25 more rulings
Specific Contracts (Uqud Khassah)
عقود خاصة ومتنوعة(17 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to replace the specific animal in a grazing contract.
Forbidden (Haram)If the deviation (excess or deficiency) significantly affects the intended quality of the garment, the weaver receives no wage under any circumstances and is liable for the deficiency in the yarn.
Permissible (Mubah)Muhammad ibn al-Hasan stated that in cases of deviation (excess or deficiency), the owner of the garment has the choice between giving the garment to the weaver and demanding the price of his yarn, or taking it and paying the weaver the agreed amount for the excess, or a proportionate share for the deficient woven part.
+ 14 more rulings
Insolvency Asset Management
إدارة أصول المفلس(13 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for the trustee (Ameen) to ask the buyer for cancellation (Iqalah) if the price increases after the contract becomes binding.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is also recommended for the buyer to agree to the cancellation (Iqalah) requested by the trustee (Ameen).
Required (Wajib)One begins by selling the offending slave (from the insolvent's assets), and pays the victim the lesser of its price or the compensation for the offense.
+ 10 more rulings
Guarantee and Compensation
الضمان والتعويض(12 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)As for the offspring of a borrowed item, its compensation is not obligatory, according to one of the two views.
Required (Wajib)And it is compensated according to the other view.
Permissible (Mubah)For the offspring of a usurped item is not compensated if it was not usurped.
+ 9 more rulings
+ 46 more topics in this category
worship29 topics
Preparation, Funeral Prayer, and Burial of the Deceased
تجهيز الميت والصلاة والدفن(288 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to bury the deceased at night, just as it is during the day.
Discouraged (Makruh)And the shroud should not be torn.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to improve the shroud of the deceased.
+ 285 more rulings
Adhan and Iqama
الأذان والإقامة(143 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)If you are with your sheep or in your desert, and you call the adhan for prayer, then raise your voice with the call; for no jinn, human, or anything hears the voice of the caller to prayer but will bear witness for him on the Day of Judgment.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is disliked to call the Adhan before Fajr in the month of Ramadan.
Preferred (Mustahabb)If two people dispute over the call to prayer (Adhan), one of them should be given precedence based on the qualities considered for calling the Adhan; thus, the one with the loudest voice should be preferred.
+ 140 more rulings
Grave Visitation, Condolences, and Mourning
زيارة القبور والتعزية والحداد(80 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to rub against the wall of the Prophet's grave, nor to kiss it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to offer condolences to the deceased's family.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to visit the grave of the Prophet (peace be upon him).
+ 77 more rulings
Mosque Rulings and Etiquette
أحكام وآداب المساجد(78 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Indeed, mosques are not suitable for any such urination or filth; rather, they are for the remembrance of Allah, prayer, and reading the Quran.
Forbidden (Haram)The Prophet (PBUH) forbade them [from rebuking the Bedouin].
Permissible (Mubah)As for the Imam, if he does not find a path, it is not disliked for him to step over people.
+ 75 more rulings
Dhikr, Dua, and Specific Prostrations
الذكر والدعاء والسجود الخاص(49 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And whatever he supplicates with is sufficient for him.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended for one who returns from Hajj to say what Al-Bukhari narrated from Abdullah bin Umar, that the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, when he returned from a battle, Hajj, or Umrah, would say 'Allahu Akbar' upon every elevated piece of land, then say: "There is no god but Allah alone, He has no partner; His is the dominion, and to Him belongs all praise, and He is over all things competent. Returning, repenting, worshipping, to our Lord praising. Allah has fulfilled His promise, helped His servant, and defeated the confederates alone."
Recommended (Sunnah)The Takbir (pronouncement of 'Allahu Akbar') is legislated for Eid al-Adha.
+ 46 more rulings
General Etiquette, Social Interactions, and Earnings
الآداب العامة والمكاسب(35 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)A group of scholars disliked it (taking payment for teaching), due to the aforementioned hadith of the bow and garment given to Ubayy and 'Ubada without a condition.
Discouraged (Makruh)I dislike the teacher's wage if it is stipulated as a condition.
Permissible (Mubah)Asking for charity is not permissible except for one of three: a man who bears a financial burden, for whom asking is permissible until he settles it, then he must stop.
+ 32 more rulings
Quran Recitation and Mushaf Etiquette
تلاوة القرآن وأحكام المصحف(31 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)Seeking refuge (ta'awwudh) is a Sunnah for recitation generally, in prayer and outside of it.
Preferred (Mustahabb)I found the people of good from the early generations of this Ummah considering it recommended to complete the Qur'an at the beginning of the night and at the beginning of the day.
Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to recite Surat Al-Kahf on Friday.
+ 28 more rulings
Haram and Madinah Sanctuaries
الحرمين الشريفين(30 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)Hunting in Medina and cutting its trees and grass are forbidden.
Forbidden (Haram)As for anything else, nothing should be cut or beaten from it (the trees/plants of Madinah's sanctuary).
Forbidden (Haram)Its game should not be frightened away.
+ 27 more rulings
Principles of Belief, Legal Competence, and General Worship
أصول الإيمان والتكليف والعبادة(26 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)If one intends the obligatory circumambulation (tawaf), they are permitted to perform voluntary circumambulation with that intention.
Required (Wajib)Whoever swore by Al-Lat and Al-Uzza, let him say: 'There is no god but Allah.'
Required (Wajib)Then He commanded all other people to ask them and refer to their statements.
+ 23 more rulings
Expiations, Vows, and Emancipation
الكفارات والنذور والعتق(21 rulings)Required (Wajib)If one bequeaths for 'doors of righteousness,' it should be spent on anything that constitutes righteousness and proximity to Allah.
Required (Wajib)If he breaks his oath, or reverts in his zihar, or an expiation is incumbent upon him due to killing or intercourse during a Ramadan day, he must expiate by fasting for that.
Forbidden (Haram)[For expiation] the blind slave or one with a defect that harms work is not permissible.
+ 18 more rulings
Specific Worship Occasions and Travel
عبادات خاصة والسفر(18 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)It is Sunnah to go out for the Rain Prayer (Salat al-Istisqa) with humility towards Allah, in plain clothes (meaning not wearing adornments or perfume), as this day is one of humility and submission. One should walk and sit with reverence, submission, and supplication to Allah, showing abasement and yearning for Him.
Forbidden (Haram)As for those who are permissible for her in some state, such as her slave or her sister's husband, they are not mahram for her. Ahmad explicitly stated this.
Permissible (Mubah)As for women, there is no harm in elderly women and those who are not attractive going out.
+ 15 more rulings
Care for the Dying and Immediate Post-Death Procedures
أحكام المحتضر وما بعد الوفاة مباشرة(16 rulings)Recommended (Sunnah)Closing the eyes of the deceased is sunnah immediately after death.
Preferred (Mustahabb)And he should encourage him towards repentance and making a will.
Required (Wajib)If someone dies suddenly, such as by electrocution, or fearing war or a wild beast, or falling from a mountain, one should wait for these signs until their death is certain.
+ 13 more rulings
Number of Shroud Garments
عدد أثواب الكفن(7 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible to shroud in two garments.
Permissible (Mubah)There is no dispute among them that one garment suffices for him [a boy].
Permissible (Mubah)And if a boy is shrouded in three garments, there is no harm.
+ 4 more rulings
Forbidden Ascetic Practices
ممارسات الزهد المحرمة(5 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)'There is no silence from day until night.'
Forbidden (Haram)He prohibited the 'fast of silence'.
Forbidden (Haram)And if he wishes to perform it (such an act), he is not allowed to do so, whether he vowed it or not.
+ 2 more rulings
Grave Form and Height
شكل القبر وارتفاعه(5 rulings)Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise it with more than its own soil.
Discouraged (Makruh)The Messenger of Allah (PBUH) forbade adding more soil to the grave than what came out of its excavation.
Discouraged (Makruh)It is not recommended to raise the grave except a little.
+ 2 more rulings
Religious Obligations and Child Discipline
الواجبات الشرعية وتأديب الصغار(5 rulings)Required (Wajib)There is no one among Allah's creation upon whom Hajj and Umrah are not both obligatory, and they are indispensable for whoever can find a way to them.
Required (Wajib)Allah urged His believing servants to go forth to gain understanding in religion, saying – and He is the most truthful of speakers: "Why then does not a party from every group among them go forth to gain understanding in religion, and that they may warn their people when they return to them, so that they may beware?"
Required (Wajib)He is killed as a legal punishment (hadd), while his status as a Muslim is maintained.
+ 2 more rulings
Rulings on Crescent Sighting
أحكام رؤية الهلال(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)And if two witnesses testify [to the crescent sighting], it is obligatory to accept their testimony.
Required (Wajib)If a trustworthy informant informs someone of the sighting of the crescent, fasting becomes obligatory for them.
Required (Wajib)The implication of this is that it is obligatory for him to accept the news, even if the judge rejects it.
+ 1 more ruling
Drinking Zamzam Water
شرب ماء زمزم(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)It is recommended to come to Zamzam, drink from its water for whatever one wishes, and drink to one's fill.
Preferred (Mustahabb)When you drink from it, face the Kaaba, mention Allah's name, breathe three times while drinking from Zamzam, drink to your fill, and when you finish, praise Allah the Almighty.
Preferred (Mustahabb)One should say when drinking: 'In the name of Allah. O Allah, make it for us beneficial knowledge, vast provision, quenching and satiation, a cure from every illness, and wash my heart with it, and fill it with Your wisdom.'
Priority in Burial
أولوية الدفن(3 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)If they are equal in closeness (of relationship), then the most honorable and best of them should be given precedence.
Required (Wajib)If they are equal in that (fear of decomposition), one should start with the closest relative, according to the order of financial support (nafaqat).
Required (Wajib)If one has relatives who have died, one should start with burying the one whose body is feared to decompose first.
Priority in Calling Adhan
أولوية الأذان(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)Unless he (the regular muezzin) is absent and there is a fear of missing the time for the adhan, then someone else should call it.
Discouraged (Makruh)One should not call the adhan before the regular muezzin.
+ 9 more topics in this category
Zakat12 topics
Zakat on Monetary Wealth and Trade Goods
زكاة الأموال النقدية وعروض التجارة(718 rulings)Required (Wajib)He (Imam Ahmad) said: He must pay zakat on all of it, according to the hadith of Hammās.
Required (Wajib)It is possible that only female cows in their forties suffice for zakat, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) specified 'musinnat' (mature cows), so his instruction must be followed, and one is obligated to purchase them.
Required (Wajib)then he owes zakat on one hundred only.
+ 715 more rulings
Zakat on Agriculture and Produce
زكاة الزروع والثمار(221 rulings)Zakat is not obligatory upon the owner of the land if he is not a Muslim.
There is no tithe ('ushr) on kharaj (tributary) lands.
Forbidden (Haram)The excess is not counted (as the collector is a usurper).
+ 218 more rulings
Recipients and Distribution of Zakat
مصارف الزكاة وتوزيعها(180 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)And they (the poor of the Haram, including residents and visitors) are those to whom it is permissible to give Zakat.
Permissible (Mubah)And the correct view, God willing, is the permissibility of paying it to him; because he falls under the categories of those entitled to Zakat, and there is no text, consensus, or sound analogy prohibiting it. Thus, it is not permissible to exclude him from the general scope of the text without proof.
Permissible (Mubah)It is permissible for the collector to be a disbeliever (according to one narration/view).
+ 177 more rulings
Zakat al-Fitr
زكاة الفطر(172 rulings)Preferred (Mustahabb)As for Zakat al-Fitr, I (Imam Ahmad) prefer that it be given to the ruler.
Required (Wajib)Zakat al-Fitr is obligatory (tajib) upon every Muslim, including the young and the old, male and female, according to the general opinion of scholars.
Obligatory (Fard)The correct view is that it is an obligation (fard), based on Ibn Umar's statement: 'The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) made Zakat al-Fitr an obligation,' and due to the consensus of scholars that it is an obligation.
+ 169 more rulings
Zakat on Livestock
زكاة الأنعام(45 rulings)Required (Wajib)And from one hundred and ten (cattle), two musinnahs and one tabi' are due.
Required (Wajib)And from one hundred and twenty (cattle), three musinnahs or four tabi's are due.
Required (Wajib)If it was pasturing with both of them, then Zakat is due on it.
+ 42 more rulings
Voluntary Charity (Sadaqah)
الصدقة والتطوع(44 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)The explicit statement from Ahmad is that it is not permissible for the agent to take anything from the charity he is appointed to distribute, even if he is poor and the charity is for the poor.
Forbidden (Haram)So he (the agent) should not eat anything from it (the charity); rather, he was commanded only to execute its distribution.
Permissible (Mubah)It is possible for him (the agent) to take from it if the general wording (of the appointment) includes him, as in previous cases, because the meaning by which entitlement is obtained is present in him, and the wording includes him, so it is permissible for him to take like others.
+ 41 more rulings
Zakat on Minerals, Buried Treasure, and Sea Products
زكاة المعادن والركاز ومنتجات البحر(18 rulings)Forbidden (Haram)It is not permissible to give out its zakat except after smelting and refining it, similar to the tenth of grain.
Required (Wajib)If one gives out a quarter of a tenth of its raw earth before refining it, it is obligatory to return it if it is still existing, or its value if it has been destroyed.
Permissible (Mubah)And because the default principle is that there is no obligation upon it (i.e., ambergris).
+ 15 more rulings
Zakat Administration and Collection
إدارة الزكاة وتحصيلها(14 rulings)Required (Wajib)If the one withholding Zakat is outside the Imam's control, he should be fought.
Required (Wajib)He (the Imam) should take it (Zakat) and punish him (ta'zeer), and not take anything extra beyond it.
Required (Wajib)If each of them paid his Zakat and the Zakat of his companion together, at the same time, then each of them guarantees the share of his companion.
+ 11 more rulings
Khums (One-Fifth Tax) and Spoils of War
الخمس والغنيمة(10 rulings)Required (Wajib)It is recounted that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz took the fifth (Khums) from ambergris.
Required (Wajib)He [Ali] ordered the owner of the treasure to give it as charity to the poor.
Required (Wajib)Its disbursement is like that of spoils of war (fay').
+ 7 more rulings
Zakat on Jewelry
زكاة الحلي(4 rulings)Required (Wajib)Unless one intends to break and melt it, in which case Zakat is due on it then.
If jewelry is broken in a way that does not prevent its use and wearing, it is like intact jewelry, and there is no Zakat on it.
Required (Wajib)If the breakage prevents its use, then Al-Qadi said: In my opinion, Zakat is due on it.
+ 1 more ruling
Financial Obligations for Non-Muslims (Dhimmis)
الأحكام المالية المتعلقة بالذمي(2 rulings)Permissible (Mubah)there is no 'ushr (tithe) upon him (the Dhimmi) for what comes out of it (the land), because it is zakat, and zakat is not obligatory upon a Dhimmi, like the zakat on grazing livestock.
Required (Wajib)If they (Dhimmis) buy it (such land), the 'ushr (tithe) is doubled for them, and one-fifth is taken from them.
General Principles and Obligation of Zakat
فريضة الزكاة وأحكامها العامة(2 rulings)Required (Wajib)And the consideration (for the Iraqi ratl measurement) is given to the first [standard] before the increase.
Forbidden (Haram)And it (buying back charity) is also a means to giving the monetary value (instead of the item itself), and that is prohibited.